This study aims to investigate the etiology and associated risk factors for UTI in Egyptian chronic kidney disease patients. In addition, to identify the isolated micro-organisms and their sensitivity patterns for better anticipation of treatment regimen.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are at higher risk of urinary tract infections (UTI), as CKD is a state of chronic inflammation, metabolic disturbance and impaired immunocompetence. Moreover, patient with CKD are usually of advanced age and suffer from other comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases, which also add to their risk of infection.

UTI comprises heterogeneous conditions ranging from mild cystitis, easily treated with oral antibiotics, to life-threatening sepsis and multiple organ failure.

There is scarce information about risk factors of recurrence of UTI and infection with multidrug-resistant organisms in the Egyptian population.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Males and non-pregnant females aged ≥ 18 years old
2. Patients with CKD stages (G1 to G4)
3. Patients diagnosed with UTI due to urine culture

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Non-CKD patients
2. pregnant females
3. CKD patients on immunosuppressant agents
4. ESRD patients on hemodialysis
5. Patients with structural abnormalities which make them liable to frequent UTI

Patients will be recruited from outpatient nephrology clinics in Alexandria.