These participants have already been receiving case management from the Child Reintegration Centre prior to the study, and they will continue to receive care as usual, which is to receive normal case management visits without this added Family Strengthening Program component. Case management consists of a social work staff alternating between visiting children at home or at school each month to provide supervision, coaching, counseling, assessments, and identification of additional support needs.

Phase I: 2-day Family Strengthening Workshop. The specific topics included in the workshop include: emotions, Body Progressive Muscle Relaxation, body stretch, self care, apologizing, routines to promote attachment, teamwork, saving, delayed gratification, anticipating unexpected expenses, identifying family strengths and values.

Phase II: Case management with family strengthening curriculum. Curriculum is delivered over the course of four visits (about 3 months), some of which involve both caregiver and child while others are just for the caregiver. Topics included are using appropriate discipline, effective communication for family problem-solving, and home budgeting.

Measures developed for this study tailored for context; e.g., flogging child with hand or cane, public shaming, withholding food

Measures developed for this study tailored for context and intervention content; e.g., awareness of income/spending, saving and budgeting behaviors, ability to pay for unexpected expense

Measures developed for this study tailored for context and intervention content; e.g., asking child about their life, spending one-on-one time with child, physically showing affection, giving compliments/praise, using a routine, apologizing, providing emotional support