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The study investigates the effects of a digital, scalable self-efficacy training of repeated recall of self-efficacy memories on mental health outcomes, such as self-efficacy, anxiety, stress, hopelessness, and other mental health outcomes. A total of 94 students with elevated stress levels (≤ 13 on the Perceived Stress Scale) will be recruited and randomly assigned to training and control group. Individuals will either engage in the self-efficacy training app combined with Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) for 1 week (training group) or in EMA only for 1 week (control group). Baseline and post assessments will measure changes in self-efficacy, anxiety, stress, hopelessness, and other mental health outcomes.
Self-efficacy is associated with positive mental health outcomes and has been proposed as a putative contributor to therapeutic outcomes in the treatment of mental health problems. It can be enhanced through experimental inductions and the recall of autobiographical mastery experiences, which have mostly been conducted in person and in the laboratory until today.
The study will investigate effects of a digital, scalable self-efficacy training of repeated recall of self-efficacy memories on mental health outcomes, such as self-efficacy, anxiety, stress, hopelessness, and other mental health outcomes. The study will recruit 94 students with elevated stress levels (≤ 13 on the Perceived Stress Scale) and randomly assigned them to training and control group. Individuals will either engage in the self-efficacy training app combined with Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) for 1 week (training group) or in EMA only for 1 week (control group). Baseline and post assessments will measure changes in self-efficacy, anxiety, stress, hopelessness, and other mental health outcomes.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental: Self-efficacy training (App) | Experimental | This group will receive a digital one week self-efficacy training with three training sessions per day and EMA (10 per day). |
|
| Control | No Intervention | This group will receive EMA questionnaires for one week (10 per day). |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-efficacy App | Behavioral | The training starts with a psychoeducational video and instructions to define two autobiographical self-efficacy The individuals will then receive three self-efficacy trainings per day based on their autobiographical memories and combined with a slow breathing exercise. Additionally, they will receive 10 daily EMA questionnaires on mood, social contacts, and virtual context. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| General self-efficacy | The General Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995; Tipton & Worthington, 1984) will measure the general self-efficacy. | change from baseline to 1 day post intervention; time frame: 1 week |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived stress | The Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983; Klein et al., 2016) will measure perceived stress. | change from screening to 1 day post intervention; time frame: 1 week |
| Positive and negative affect |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Positive and negative affect | EMA will capture positive and negative mood at 10 time points per day during the one week study participation. We will measure positive mood using three items (cheerful, happy, and relaxed) and negative mood using seven items (irritated, anxious, insecure, lonely, sad, overthinking, and stressed). | Daily measured; changes in the course of the study participation |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
-current psychiatric disorder
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birgit Kleim | Zurich | Select... | 8008 | Switzerland |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 39480821 | Derived | Rohde J, Marciniak MA, Henninger M, Homan S, Ries A, Paersch C, Friedman O, Brown AD, Kleim B. Effects of a digital self-efficacy training in stressed university students: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2024 Oct 31;19(10):e0305103. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305103. eCollection 2024. | |
| 37578827 | Derived |
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It is planned to make the anonymised data available on a public repository.
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Randomised controlled trial testing a brief digital intervention (SeApp) against a control group receiving only EMA
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Assessors are blind to individuals' reports of perceived stress prior to and following the intervention, i.e. at all assessment times.
|
change from baseline to 1 day post intervention; time frame: 1 week
| The Positive and Negative Affect Scale (Krohne, Egloff, Kohlmann, & Tausch, 1996; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) will measure positive and negative affect. |
| Hope | The Trait Hope Scale (Krause, 2002; Snyder et al., 1991) will measure hope. | change from baseline to 1 day post intervention; time frame: 1 week |
| Depression | change from baseline to 1 day post intervention; time frame: 1 week | The Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck, Steer, Ball, & Ranieri, 1996; Kuhner, Burger, Keller, & Hautzinger, 2007) will measure depression. |
| Anxiety | State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Laux, Glanzmann, Schaffner, & Spielberger, 1981; Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Gagg, & Jacobs, 1983) will measure state and trait anxiety. | change from baseline to 1 day post intervention; time frame: 1 week |
| Hopelessness | The Beck Hopelessness Scale (Beck, Weissman, Lester, & Trexler, 1974; Kliem, Lohmann, Mossle, & Brahler, 2018) will measure hopelessness. | change from baseline to 1 day post intervention; time frame: 1 week |
| Dissatisfaction with social contacts | EMA will capture dissatisfaction with social contacts at 10 time points per day during the one week study participation. There will be two options indicating dissatisfaction with social contacts: (a) being with nobody and feeling excluded or wanting to be with someone or (b) being with someone and rather wanting to be alone. We combined these into one variable. | daily measured; changes in the course of the study participation |
| Specific self-efficacy | Specific self-efficacy will be captured once per day. Questions will focus on e. g. the participant's level of agreement with statements such as "Right now, I think I will be able to do what is necessary to make this training successful". | daily measured in training group only; changes in the course of the study participation |
| Virtual context | EMA will capture virtual context at 10 time points per day during the one week study participation. Questions will be about who the person is with and how they feel about it. | daily measured; changes in the course of the study participation |
| Rohde J, Marciniak MA, Henninger M, Homan S, Paersch C, Egger ST, Seifritz E, Brown AD, Kleim B. Investigating Relationships Among Self-Efficacy, Mood, and Anxiety Using Digital Technologies: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Form Res. 2023 Aug 14;7:e45749. doi: 10.2196/45749. |