The study group received rTMS in addition to the vestibular physical therapy exercises

Patients in control group received the vestibular physical therapy exercises, three sessions a week for four weeks

A high frequency (10 Hz) rTMs on the dominant dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was applied with the Magstim Rapid Magnetic Stimulator, Magstim Company. Patients were seated in a chair, arms and legs relaxed, head stable, and no movement was allowed during the procedure. Motor threshold (MT) was determined before each session and was defined as the percent intensity output of the stimulator that generated a 50µV motor evoked response in the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle in five out of 10 trials. The DLPFC of dominant hemisphere was localized on the scalp 5.5 cm anterior to the hot spot for the contralateral APB muscle along the parasagittal plane. The average MT was 50 % (range, 45-55%) of the maximal output of the stimulator. The initial mapping procedure was completed with the coil oriented at 45° lateral diagonal orientation roughly perpendicular to the central sulcus and the center of the coil applied tangentially to the scalp.

The VNG was used to assess unilateral vestibular canal weakness. It was used with caloric testing to analyze eye movements using video imaging technology, in which hi-tech video goggles with infrared cameras were used

is used in clinical work and in research to assess the impact of dizziness on QoL. The self-report questionnaire was designed to quantify the handicapping effect of dizziness imposed by vestibular system disease. The Arabic version of the DHI has good validity and reliability for assessing patients' self-perception of the handicap and its impact on their QoL