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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| R01CA236608 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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The overall aim of this research is to experimentally evaluate different, legally-viable approaches to reducing the impact of the point-of-sale (POS) retail environment on adolescent tobacco use risk. This study will be investigating regulations for four classes of tobacco products (cigarettes, e-cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, little cigars/cigarillos). Study 2 and study 3 (out of 3 studies), occurring concurrently, will examine whether changing the number and content of posters on the outside doors at POS reduced adolescents' tobacco use risk.
Tobacco advertising at retail point-of-sale (POS) includes promotional allowances that permit tobacco products to be advertised and sold at reduced cost to consumers (e.g., two-for-one specials); high visibility sale and therefore placement of hundreds of tobacco products on power walls; and the display of a large, diverse collection of poster advertisements on the exterior of the stores. Adolescents are at significant risk for having repeated exposures to this tobacco rich POS environment and such exposures contribute to increases in adolescent tobacco use. Although curbing the effect of the tobacco rich POS environment on adolescent tobacco use is a critical public health goal, some POS advertising regulations are unlikely to be viable in the United States because they impinge upon the tobacco industry's commercial free speech rights. For example, eliminating the tobacco power wall is probably not a viable option in the US as it has been successfully challenged in court by the tobacco industry. POS regulations that do not violate the industry's commercial free speech rights stand a better chance of being upheld by the courts. For example, eliminating tobacco product price promotions, reducing the availability of tobacco products by restricting the sale of flavored products, and restricting how much door/window space tobacco product posters can occupy at POS, all have been implemented as feasible and legally defensible regulatory options at POS. The evidence base supporting the efficacy of these initiatives is, however, almost non-existent - leaving them open to legal scrutiny. The overall aim of this research is to experimentally evaluate different, legally-viable approaches to reducing the impact of the POS retail environment on adolescent tobacco use risk. This research will be investigating the regulations for four classes of tobacco products (cigarettes, e-cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, little cigars/cigarillos): the extent to which eliminating tobacco product price promotions (Study 2), restricting how much door/window space tobacco posters can occupy at POS (Study 3), and eliminating the sale of flavored and/or mentholated tobacco products (Study 1) reduce adolescent tobacco-use risk. Each study will evaluate for possible gender and race (African-American vs Caucasian) differences. The studies will take place in the RAND StoreLab, a life-sized replica of a convenience store that was developed to experimentally evaluate how altering aspects of tobacco promotion at POS influences tobacco use. The present record is for Study 2 and Study 3.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Status Quo | Active Comparator | This condition will allow for many posters with pricing information to be displayed. |
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| Reduced Poster | Experimental | This condition will allow for a reduced number of posters with pricing information to be displayed. |
|
| No price | Experimental | This condition will allow for many posters with no pricing information to be displayed. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Many posters with prices | Other | No poster number or price restrictions |
| |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Self-reported Cigarette Smoking Risk After Shopping in the StoreLab | Respondents answer the following items: "Do you think you will try a cigarette anytime soon?", "Do you think you will try a cigarette anytime in the next year?"; and "If one of your best friends offered you a cigarette, would you smoke it?". Responses are made on a 1 (Definitely not) to 10 (Definitely yes) scale and summed to produce a total smoking risk scale score (range from 3 - 30). Total scale scores are dichotomized: scores of 3 are coded as '0' (no risk) and any score greater than 3 is coded as '1' (at risk). Outcome is proportion at risk of cigarette smoking (number of participants at risk over number of participants within condition). | There is one visit in this research: This variable is assessed at that visit, within 5 minutes of the experimental manipulation |
| Self-reported Vaping/ENDS Risk of Use | Respondents answer the following items: "Do you think you will try a vaping product anytime soon?", "Do you think you will try a vaping product anytime in the next year?"; and "If one of your best friends offered you a vaping product, would you use it?". Responses are made on a 1 (Definitely not) to 10 (Definitely yes) scale and summed to produce a total vaping risk scale score (range from 3 - 30). Total scale scores are dichotomized: scores of 3 are coded as '0' (no risk) and any score greater than 3 is coded as '1' (at risk). Outcome is proportion at risk of vaping (number of participants at risk over number of participants within condition). | There is one visit in this research: This variable is assessed at that visit, within 5 minutes after experimental manipulation |
| Self-reported Smokeless Tobacco Use Risk | Respondents answer the following items: "Do you think you will use smokeless tobacco anytime soon?", "Do you think you will try smokeless tobacco anytime in the next year?"; and "If one of your best friends offered you smokeless tobacco, would you use it?". Responses are made on a 1 (Definitely not) to 4 (Definitely yes) scale and summed to produce a total smokeless tobacco risk scale score (range from 3 - 30). Total scale scores are dichotomized: scores of 3 are coded as '0' (no risk) and any score greater than 3 is coded as '1' (at risk). Outcome is proportion at risk of smokeless tobacco use (number of participants at risk over number of participants within condition). |
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Inclusion Criteria:
ages 18-20, in college
-
Exclusion Criteria:
any medical or psychiatric condition which would make compliance with the study protocol difficult (based on parent report).
Previous participation in a previous StoreLab study
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RAND Corporation | Pittsburgh | Pennsylvania | 15213 | United States |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Status Quo | This condition will allow for many posters with pricing information to be displayed. Many posters with prices: No poster number or price restrictions |
| FG001 | Reduced Poster | This condition will allow for a reduced number of posters with pricing information to be displayed. Fewer posters, no price restrictions: Poster number restrictions, but no price restrictions |
| FG002 | No Price | This condition will allow for many posters with no pricing information to be displayed. Many posters, no prices: No poster number restrictions, but price restrictions |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Status Quo | This condition will allow for many posters with pricing information to be displayed. Many posters with prices: No poster number or price restrictions |
| BG001 | Reduced Poster |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Some participants opted to not complete some information, hence the different n. |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Self-reported Cigarette Smoking Risk After Shopping in the StoreLab | Respondents answer the following items: "Do you think you will try a cigarette anytime soon?", "Do you think you will try a cigarette anytime in the next year?"; and "If one of your best friends offered you a cigarette, would you smoke it?". Responses are made on a 1 (Definitely not) to 10 (Definitely yes) scale and summed to produce a total smoking risk scale score (range from 3 - 30). Total scale scores are dichotomized: scores of 3 are coded as '0' (no risk) and any score greater than 3 is coded as '1' (at risk). Outcome is proportion at risk of cigarette smoking (number of participants at risk over number of participants within condition). | Some participants were missing data, which accounts for differences in the n. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | proportion of participants | There is one visit in this research: This variable is assessed at that visit, within 5 minutes of the experimental manipulation |
|
One day
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Status Quo | This condition will allow for many posters with pricing information to be displayed. Many posters with prices: No poster number or price restrictions |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| William Shadel | RAND | 4126832300 | 4489 | shadel@rand.org |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Nov 6, 2024 | Nov 6, 2024 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D064424 | Tobacco Use |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003132 | Commerce |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013676 | Technology, Industry, and Agriculture |
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| Many posters, no prices |
| Other |
No poster number restrictions, but price restrictions |
|
| Fewer posters, no price restrictions | Other | Poster number restrictions, but no price restrictions |
|
| There is one visit in this research: This variable is assessed at that visit, within 5 minutes of the experimental manipulation |
| Self-reported Cigarillo/Little Cigar *LCC) Use Risk | Respondents answer the following items: "Do you think you will try a cigarillo/little cigar anytime soon?", "Do you think you will try a cigarillo anytime in the next year?"; and "If one of your best friends offered you a cigarillo, would you smoke it?". Responses are made on a 1 (Definitely not) to 4 (Definitely yes) scale and summed to produce a total cigarillo risk scale score (range from 3 - 30). Total scale scores are dichotomized: scores of 3 are coded as '0' (no risk) and any score greater than 3 is coded as '1' (at risk). Outcome is proportion at risk of LCC use (number of participants at risk over number of participants within condition). | There is one visit in this research: This variable is assessed at that visit, within 5 minutes of the experimental manipulation |
This condition will allow for a reduced number of posters with pricing information to be displayed.
Fewer posters, no price restrictions: Poster number restrictions, but no price restrictions
| BG002 | No Price | This condition will allow for many posters with no pricing information to be displayed. Many posters, no prices: No poster number restrictions, but price restrictions |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Mean |
| Standard Deviation |
| years |
|
| Sex/Gender, Customized | Some participants opted to not enter demographic data. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Some participants elected to not enter some demographic data. | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Race (NIH/OMB) | Some participants opted not to provide demographic information | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Status Quo |
This condition will allow for many posters with pricing information to be displayed. Many posters with prices: No poster number or price restrictions |
| OG001 | Reduced Poster | This condition will allow for a reduced number of posters with pricing information to be displayed. Fewer posters, no price restrictions: Poster number restrictions, but no price restrictions |
| OG002 | No Price | This condition will allow for many posters with no pricing information to be displayed. Many posters, no prices: No poster number restrictions, but price restrictions |
|
|
|
| Primary | Self-reported Vaping/ENDS Risk of Use | Respondents answer the following items: "Do you think you will try a vaping product anytime soon?", "Do you think you will try a vaping product anytime in the next year?"; and "If one of your best friends offered you a vaping product, would you use it?". Responses are made on a 1 (Definitely not) to 10 (Definitely yes) scale and summed to produce a total vaping risk scale score (range from 3 - 30). Total scale scores are dichotomized: scores of 3 are coded as '0' (no risk) and any score greater than 3 is coded as '1' (at risk). Outcome is proportion at risk of vaping (number of participants at risk over number of participants within condition). | Some participants opted to not answer some items, hence the differing n. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | proportion of participants | There is one visit in this research: This variable is assessed at that visit, within 5 minutes after experimental manipulation |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Self-reported Smokeless Tobacco Use Risk | Respondents answer the following items: "Do you think you will use smokeless tobacco anytime soon?", "Do you think you will try smokeless tobacco anytime in the next year?"; and "If one of your best friends offered you smokeless tobacco, would you use it?". Responses are made on a 1 (Definitely not) to 4 (Definitely yes) scale and summed to produce a total smokeless tobacco risk scale score (range from 3 - 30). Total scale scores are dichotomized: scores of 3 are coded as '0' (no risk) and any score greater than 3 is coded as '1' (at risk). Outcome is proportion at risk of smokeless tobacco use (number of participants at risk over number of participants within condition). | Some participants opted to not respond to some items, hence the different n. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | proportion of participants | There is one visit in this research: This variable is assessed at that visit, within 5 minutes of the experimental manipulation |
|
|
|
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| Primary | Self-reported Cigarillo/Little Cigar *LCC) Use Risk | Respondents answer the following items: "Do you think you will try a cigarillo/little cigar anytime soon?", "Do you think you will try a cigarillo anytime in the next year?"; and "If one of your best friends offered you a cigarillo, would you smoke it?". Responses are made on a 1 (Definitely not) to 4 (Definitely yes) scale and summed to produce a total cigarillo risk scale score (range from 3 - 30). Total scale scores are dichotomized: scores of 3 are coded as '0' (no risk) and any score greater than 3 is coded as '1' (at risk). Outcome is proportion at risk of LCC use (number of participants at risk over number of participants within condition). | Some participants opted to not complete some items, hence the different n. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | proportion of participants | There is one visit in this research: This variable is assessed at that visit, within 5 minutes of the experimental manipulation |
|
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 150 |
| 0 |
| 150 |
| 0 |
| 150 |
| EG001 | Reduced Poster | This condition will allow for a reduced number of posters with pricing information to be displayed. Fewer posters, no price restrictions: Poster number restrictions, but no price restrictions | 0 | 147 | 0 | 147 | 0 | 147 |
| EG002 | No Price | This condition will allow for many posters with no pricing information to be displayed. Many posters, no prices: No poster number restrictions, but price restrictions | 0 | 148 | 0 | 148 | 0 | 148 |
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| Female |
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| Other than male or female |
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| Not Hispanic or Latino |
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| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
| Asian |
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| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander |
|
| Black or African American |
|
| White |
|
| More than one race |
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
| Odds Ratio (OR) |
| 0.878 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| 0.398 |
| 1.938 |
Adjusted for age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, lifetime tobacco use, baseline vaping intentions |
| Other |
| Odds Ratio (OR) |
| 0.489 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| 0.237 |
| 1.006 |
Adjusted for age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, lifetime tobacco, baseline smokeless use intentions |
| Other |
| Odds Ratio (OR) |
| 1.420 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| 0.681 |
| 2.960 |
Adjusted for age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, lifetime tobacco use, baseline LCC use intentions |
| Other |