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Veterans with Serious Mental Illness (SMI) struggle with social integration - participation in work, housing, and citizenship - due to symptoms, stigma, and psychosocial challenges. Despite considerable VA efforts to provide mental health care to Veterans with SMI, programs that promote social integration are lacking. Veterans with SMI are at especially high risk for poor social integration and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic. This project addresses this need with a group-based, peer specialist (PS) co-facilitated psychosocial intervention for Veterans with SMI, called "Veteran Voices and Visions" (VVV). VVV targets Veterans with SMI who experience psychosis, a group particularly in need of support with social integration. Virtual VVV groups are co-led by VA mental health clinicians (MHCs) and PSs via online video conference. The approach facilitates group cohesion around and normalization of the common psychotic symptoms of SMI: hallucinations, delusions, and social isolation. This intervention has the potential to create and foster a supportive community that improves the social integration of participants by reducing their distress and self-stigma, and increasing self-efficacy.
This is a single arm study of feasibility and acceptability of the adapted manual and protocol we have developed in preparation for a larger efficacy trial.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Veteran Voices & Visions (VVV) | Experimental | Veteran Voices and Visions is the experimental condition. It is a group of Veterans who are experiencing chronic psychosis. The group meets for 60 minutes, weekly, for 12 weeks. The investigators adapted a manual and protocol for the VA and this study is testing this manual. This is a single-arm study. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Veteran Voices and Visions | Behavioral | Clinician and peer co-led meaning-oriented support group based on the Hearing Voices approach. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The Psychotic Symptoms Rating Scale (PSYRATS-AH) | PSYRATS-AH is an 11-item scale which assesses the frequency, duration, severity, loudness, location, negative content, and controllability of voices, intensity of distress, and beliefs about origin of voices and disruptiveness. Minimum score is 0, maximum 44. Any decrease in overall score is indicative of decreased distress. | 12 weeks after the initiation of the intervention |
| Role Functioning Scale Total Score | The Role Functioning Scale (RFS) is a broad global integration index across the 4 domains: work, independent living, and family relationships and immediate social network relationships. Each domain ranges from 1 (worst) to 7 (best), for a total score range of minimum 4, maximum 28. | 12 weeks after the initiation of the intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Omnipotence Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The omnipotence subscale measures the amount of omnipotence the subjects attributes to their voice. Minimum score is 0, maximum is 18, higher score indicates greater omnipotence. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
DSM 5 diagnoses of:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ippolytos A Kalofonos, MD PhD MPH | VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, West Los Angeles, CA | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, West Los Angeles, CA | West Los Angeles | California | 90073-1003 | United States |
The PI will create de-identified, study-specific datasets that include all variables in a publication. Some loss of information might occur given the need to remove PHI. The PI will replace social security and medical station numbers with study-specific numbers. The PI will drop date of birth and replace age with age categories, in accordance with PHI requirements for people 85 years of age and older. Dates of service will be replaced with year dummies.
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Datasets meeting VA standards for disclosure to the public will be made available within 1 year of publication.
Prior to distribution, a local privacy officer will certify that all datasets contains no PHI. Final data sets will be maintained locally until enterprise-level resources become available for long-term storage and access. Guidance on request and distribution processes will be provided by ORD. Those requesting data will be asked to sign a Letter of Agreement.
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Once participants signed consent forms, they had to complete the pre-intervention assessment and then be assigned to a intervention group. Some participants left the study during this process, which could take several weeks.
36 signed consent forms. However, 8 of these dropped out of the study before completing the per-intervention assessment either because they changed their mind (3) or because the study team was unable to contact them (5). 28 completed the pre-intervention assessment but 3 of these left the study prior to being assigned to the intervention groups. One of these was found to have been ineligible, and two of these could not be contacted by the study team. Therefore 25 participants entered the study.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Veteran Voices & Visions (VVV) | Veteran Voices and Visions is the experimental condition. It is a group of Veterans who are experiencing chronic psychosis. The clinician and peer co-led meaning-oriented support group, based on the Hearing Voices approach, meets for 60 minutes, weekly, for 12 weeks. The investigators adapted a manual and protocol for the VA and this study is testing this manual. This is a single-arm study. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Veteran Voices & Visions (VVV) | Veteran Voices and Visions is the experimental condition. It is a group of Veterans who are experiencing chronic psychosis. The clinician and peer co-led meaning-oriented support group, based on the Hearing Voices approach, meets for 60 minutes, weekly, for 12 weeks. The investigators adapted a manual and protocol for the VA and this study is testing this manual. This is a single-arm study. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | The Psychotic Symptoms Rating Scale (PSYRATS-AH) | PSYRATS-AH is an 11-item scale which assesses the frequency, duration, severity, loudness, location, negative content, and controllability of voices, intensity of distress, and beliefs about origin of voices and disruptiveness. Minimum score is 0, maximum 44. Any decrease in overall score is indicative of decreased distress. | 25 Veterans were assigned to groups. 4 were lost to follow-up and did not complete post-intervention assessments. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 12 weeks after the initiation of the intervention |
|
From enrollment until the end of follow-up, up to 12 weeks
We monitored for adverse events and there were no adverse events reported during the study.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Veteran Voices & Visions (VVV) | Veteran Voices and Visions is the experimental condition. It is a group of Veterans who are experiencing chronic psychosis. The clinician and peer co-led meaning-oriented support group, based on the Hearing Voices approach, meets for 60 minutes, weekly, for 12 weeks. The investigators adapted a manual and protocol for the VA and this study is testing this manual. This is a single-arm study. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ippolytos Kalofonos | Greater Los Angeles VA Health System | 510-219-3615 | ikalofonos@mednet.ucla.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol | Apr 6, 2026 | Apr 28, 2026 | Prot_001.pdf |
| SAP | No | Yes | No | Statistical Analysis Plan | Feb 26, 2024 | Apr 6, 2026 | SAP_002.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Feb 23, 2024 | Dec 5, 2024 | ICF_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011618 | Psychotic Disorders |
| D006212 | Hallucinations |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019967 | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D010468 | Perceptual Disorders |
| D019954 | Neurobehavioral Manifestations |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014785 | Vision, Ocular |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D055537 | Light Signal Transduction |
| D015398 | Signal Transduction |
| D001669 | Biochemical Phenomena |
| D055598 | Chemical Phenomena |
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This is a single arm trial evaluating the feasibility and acceptability of the manualized protocol the investigators develop.
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| 12 weeks |
| Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Malevolence Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The malevolence subscale measures the amount of malevolence the subjects attribute to their voice. Minimum score is 0, maximum is 18, higher score indicates greater malevolence. | 12 weeks |
| Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Benevolence Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The benevolence subscale measures the amount of benevolence the subjects attribute to their voice. Minimum score is 0, maximum is 18, higher score indicates greater benevolence. | 12 weeks |
| Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Resistance Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The resistance subscale measures the degree to which the subject willingly engages with their voices. Minimum score is 0, maximum is 18, higher score indicates greater resistance and less engagement. | 12 weeks |
| Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Emotional Resistance Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The emotional resistance subscale measures the degree to which the subject willingly engages with their voices emotionally. Minimum score is 0, maximum 12, higher score indicates greater resistance and less engagement. | 12 weeks |
| Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Behavioral Resistance Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The behavioral resistance subscale measures the degree to which the subject willingly engages with their voices behaviorally. Minimum score is 0, maximum is 15, higher score indicates greater resistance and less engagement. | 12 weeks |
| Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Engagement Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The engagement subscale measures the degree to which the subject willingly engages with their voices. Minimum score is 0, maximum 27, higher score indicates greater engagement. | 12 weeks |
| Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire - R Emotional Engagement Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The emotional engagement subscale measures the degree to which the subject willingly engages with their voices emotionally. Minimum score is 0, maximum 15, higher score indicates greater engagement. | 12 weeks |
| Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire - R Behavioral Engagement Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The behavioral engagement subscale measures the degree to which the subject willingly engages with their voices behaviorally. Minimum score is 0, maximum is 12, Higher score indicates greater engagement. | 12 weeks |
| Peters Delusion Inventory Count | The Peters Delusion Inventory is a 21-item measure of distress, preoccupation, and conviction of delusions with high convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity. Minimum score is 0, maximum is 21. Higher score indicates worse outcome. | 12 weeks |
| Peters Delusion Inventory Distress Subscale | The Peters Delusion Inventory is a 21-item measure of distress, preoccupation, and conviction of delusions with high convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity. Minimum score is 0, maximum is 60. Higher score indicates worse outcome. The distress subscale measures the amount of cumulative distress associated with all reported delusions. | 12 weeks |
| Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Global Score | Assesses for psychiatric symptoms-specifically the positive/negative symptom assess subscale scores and suicidal ideation. Minimum score is 24, maximum is 168. Higher score indicates worse outcome. | 12 weeks |
| Questionnaire on the Process of Recovery | The Questionnaire on the Process of Recovery (QPR) is an instrument co-developed by service users and re-searchers about recovery from psychosis with 15 items measuring connectedness, hope, identity, meaning, and empowerment. The QPR has demonstrated high internal and convergent validity as well as sensitivity to change. Minimum score is 0, maximum is 60. Higher score indicates better outcome. | 12 weeks |
| Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale | Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale is a 10-item measure of self-efficacy that has been shown to be valid and reliable and has been used with schizophrenia. Range, 10-40. Higher score indicates better outcome. | 12 weeks |
| Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness | The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness scale is a 29-item measure of internalized stigma with five subscales (alienation, stereotype endorsement, discrimination, experience, social withdrawal, and stigma resistance). It has been used with schizophrenia and is reliable (a = .90) and valid. Range, 1-4, as all item scores are averaged. Higher score indicates worse outcome. | 12 weeks |
| UCLA Loneliness Scale | UCLA Loneliness Scale, a 20-item scale measuring subjective experience of loneliness, is considered the gold standard measure of perceived social isolation and is highly reliable (a = .89-.94) and valid. It has been used with SSD. Range, 20-80. Higher score indicates worse outcome. | 12 weeks |
| years |
|
| Sex/Gender, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| The Psychotic Symptoms Rating Scale (PSYRATS-AH) | PSYRATS-AH is an 11-item scale which assesses the frequency, duration, severity, loudness, location, negative content, and controllability of voices, intensity of distress, and beliefs about origin of voices and disruptiveness. Range of score is 0-44, decrease in overall score is indicative of decreased distress. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Role Functioning Scale Total Score Change | The Role Functioning Scale (RFS) is a broad global integration index across the 4 domains: work, independent living, and family relationships and immediate social network relationships. Each domain ranges from 1 (worst) to 7 (best), for a total score range of 4-28. Higher scores mean a better outcome. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Omnipotence Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The omnipotence subscale measures the belief that voices are omnipotent. Minimum score is 0, maximum 18, higher score indicates greater omnipotence. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Malevolence Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The malevolence subscale measures the amount of malevolence the subjects attribute to their voice. Minimum score is 0, maximum 18, higher score indicates greater malevolence. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Benevolence Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The benevolence subscale measures the amount of benevolence the subjects attribute to their voice. Minimum score is 0, maximum 18, higher score indicates greater benevolence. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Resistance Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The resistance subscale measures the degree to which the subject willingly engages with their voices. Minimum score is 0, maximum 18, higher score indicates greater resistance and less engagement. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Emotional Resistance Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The emotional resistance subscale measures the degree to which the subject willingly engages with their voices emotionally. Minimum score is 0, maximum is 12, higher score indicates greater resistance and less engagement. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Behavioral Resistance Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The behavioral resistance subscale measures the degree to which the subject willingly engages with their voices behaviorally. Minimum score is 0, maximum is 15, higher score indicates greater resistance and less engagement. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Engagement Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The engagement subscale measures the degree to which the subject willingly engages with their voices. Minimum score is 0, maximum 27, higher score indicates greater engagement. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire - R Emotional Engagement Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The emotional engagement subscale measures the degree to which the subject willingly engages with their voices emotionally. Minimum score is 0, maximum 15, higher score indicates greater engagement. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire - R Behavioral Engagement Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The behavioral engagement subscale measures the degree to which the subject willingly engages with their voices behaviorally. Minimum score is 0, maximum 12, higher score indicates greater engagement. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Peters Delusion Inventory Count | The Peters Delusion Inventory is a 21-item measure of distress, preoccupation, and conviction of delusions with high convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity. Range, 0-21. Higher score indicates worse outcome. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Peters Delusion Inventory Distress Subscale | The Peters Delusion Inventory is a 21-item measure of distress, preoccupation, and conviction of delusions with high convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity. Range, 0-60. Higher score indicates worse outcome. The distress subscale measures the amount of cumulative distress associated with all reported delusions. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Global Score | Assesses for psychiatric symptoms-specifically the positive/negative symptom assess subscale scores and suicidal ideation. Range, 24-168. Higher score indicates worse outcome. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Questionnaire on the Process of Recovery | The Questionnaire on the Process of Recovery (QPR) is an instrument co-developed by service users and re-searchers about recovery from psychosis with 15 items measuring connectedness, hope, identity, meaning, and empowerment. The QPR has demonstrated high internal and convergent validity as well as sensitivity to change. Range, 0-60. Higher score indicates better outcome. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Generalized Self-efficacy Scale | Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale is a 10-item measure of self-efficacy that has been shown to be valid and reliable and has been used with schizophrenia. Range, 10-40. Higher score indicates better outcome. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness | The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness scale is a 29-item measure of internalized stigma with five subscales (alienation, stereotype endorsement, discrimination, experience, social withdrawal, and stigma resistance). It has been used with schizophrenia and is reliable (a = .90) and valid. Range, 1-4, as all item scores are averaged. Higher score indicates worse outcome. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| UCLA Loneliness Scale | UCLA Loneliness Scale, a 20-item scale measuring subjective experience of loneliness, is considered the gold standard measure of perceived social isolation and is highly reliable (a = .89-.94) and valid. It has been used with SSD. Range, 20-80. Higher score indicates worse outcome. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
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|
|
| Primary | Role Functioning Scale Total Score | The Role Functioning Scale (RFS) is a broad global integration index across the 4 domains: work, independent living, and family relationships and immediate social network relationships. Each domain ranges from 1 (worst) to 7 (best), for a total score range of minimum 4, maximum 28. | 25 participants were assigned to a group, attended at least 1 session, and completed a baseline assessment. Four were lost to follow-up and 21 completed post-intervention assessments. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 12 weeks after the initiation of the intervention |
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| Secondary | Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Omnipotence Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The omnipotence subscale measures the amount of omnipotence the subjects attributes to their voice. Minimum score is 0, maximum is 18, higher score indicates greater omnipotence. | 25 participants were assigned to a group, attended at least 1 session, and completed a baseline assessment. Four were lost to follow-up and 21 completed post-intervention assessments. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 12 weeks |
|
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| Secondary | Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Malevolence Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The malevolence subscale measures the amount of malevolence the subjects attribute to their voice. Minimum score is 0, maximum is 18, higher score indicates greater malevolence. | 25 participants were assigned to a group, attended at least 1 session, and completed a baseline assessment. Four were lost to follow-up and 21 completed post-intervention assessments. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 12 weeks |
|
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| Secondary | Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Benevolence Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The benevolence subscale measures the amount of benevolence the subjects attribute to their voice. Minimum score is 0, maximum is 18, higher score indicates greater benevolence. | 25 participants were assigned to a group, attended at least 1 session, and completed a baseline assessment. Four were lost to follow-up and 21 completed post-intervention assessments. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Resistance Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The resistance subscale measures the degree to which the subject willingly engages with their voices. Minimum score is 0, maximum is 18, higher score indicates greater resistance and less engagement. | 25 participants were assigned to a group, attended at least 1 session, and completed a baseline assessment. Four were lost to follow-up and 21 completed post-intervention assessments. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Emotional Resistance Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The emotional resistance subscale measures the degree to which the subject willingly engages with their voices emotionally. Minimum score is 0, maximum 12, higher score indicates greater resistance and less engagement. | 25 participants were assigned to a group, attended at least 1 session, and completed a baseline assessment. Four were lost to follow-up and 21 completed post-intervention assessments. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Behavioral Resistance Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The behavioral resistance subscale measures the degree to which the subject willingly engages with their voices behaviorally. Minimum score is 0, maximum is 15, higher score indicates greater resistance and less engagement. | 25 participants were assigned to a group, attended at least 1 session, and completed a baseline assessment. Four were lost to follow-up and 21 completed post-intervention assessments. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-R Engagement Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The engagement subscale measures the degree to which the subject willingly engages with their voices. Minimum score is 0, maximum 27, higher score indicates greater engagement. | 25 participants were assigned to a group, attended at least 1 session, and completed a baseline assessment. Four were lost to follow-up and 21 completed post-intervention assessments. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire - R Emotional Engagement Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The emotional engagement subscale measures the degree to which the subject willingly engages with their voices emotionally. Minimum score is 0, maximum 15, higher score indicates greater engagement. | 25 participants were assigned to a group, attended at least 1 session, and completed a baseline assessment. Four were lost to follow-up and 21 completed post-intervention assessments. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire - R Behavioral Engagement Subscale | The Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) is a measure of a person's beliefs, emotions and behavior in response to voices. The 35-item questionnaire forms five sub-scales: three concerning beliefs about the dominant voice (malevolence, benevolence and omnipotence), and two concerning emotional and behavioral reactions (resistance, and engagement). The behavioral engagement subscale measures the degree to which the subject willingly engages with their voices behaviorally. Minimum score is 0, maximum is 12, Higher score indicates greater engagement. | 25 participants were assigned to a group, attended at least 1 session, and completed a baseline assessment. Four were lost to follow-up and 21 completed post-intervention assessments. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Peters Delusion Inventory Count | The Peters Delusion Inventory is a 21-item measure of distress, preoccupation, and conviction of delusions with high convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity. Minimum score is 0, maximum is 21. Higher score indicates worse outcome. | 25 participants were assigned to a group, attended at least 1 session, and completed a baseline assessment. Four were lost to follow-up and 21 completed post-intervention assessments. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Peters Delusion Inventory Distress Subscale | The Peters Delusion Inventory is a 21-item measure of distress, preoccupation, and conviction of delusions with high convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity. Minimum score is 0, maximum is 60. Higher score indicates worse outcome. The distress subscale measures the amount of cumulative distress associated with all reported delusions. | 25 participants were assigned to a group, attended at least 1 session, and completed a baseline assessment. Four were lost to follow-up and 21 completed post-intervention assessments. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Global Score | Assesses for psychiatric symptoms-specifically the positive/negative symptom assess subscale scores and suicidal ideation. Minimum score is 24, maximum is 168. Higher score indicates worse outcome. | 25 participants were assigned to a group, attended at least 1 session, and completed a baseline assessment. Four were lost to follow-up and 21 completed post-intervention assessments. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Questionnaire on the Process of Recovery | The Questionnaire on the Process of Recovery (QPR) is an instrument co-developed by service users and re-searchers about recovery from psychosis with 15 items measuring connectedness, hope, identity, meaning, and empowerment. The QPR has demonstrated high internal and convergent validity as well as sensitivity to change. Minimum score is 0, maximum is 60. Higher score indicates better outcome. | 25 participants were assigned to a group, attended at least 1 session, and completed a baseline assessment. Four were lost to follow-up and 21 completed post-intervention assessments. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale | Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale is a 10-item measure of self-efficacy that has been shown to be valid and reliable and has been used with schizophrenia. Range, 10-40. Higher score indicates better outcome. | 25 participants were assigned to a group, attended at least 1 session, and completed a baseline assessment. Four were lost to follow-up and 21 completed post-intervention assessments. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness | The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness scale is a 29-item measure of internalized stigma with five subscales (alienation, stereotype endorsement, discrimination, experience, social withdrawal, and stigma resistance). It has been used with schizophrenia and is reliable (a = .90) and valid. Range, 1-4, as all item scores are averaged. Higher score indicates worse outcome. | 25 participants were assigned to a group, attended at least 1 session, and completed a baseline assessment. Four were lost to follow-up and 21 completed post-intervention assessments. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | UCLA Loneliness Scale | UCLA Loneliness Scale, a 20-item scale measuring subjective experience of loneliness, is considered the gold standard measure of perceived social isolation and is highly reliable (a = .89-.94) and valid. It has been used with SSD. Range, 20-80. Higher score indicates worse outcome. | 25 participants were assigned to a group, attended at least 1 session, and completed a baseline assessment. Four were lost to follow-up and 21 completed post-intervention assessments. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 12 weeks |
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| 0 |
| 25 |
| 0 |
| 25 |
| 0 |
| 25 |
Not provided
Not provided
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| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D002468 |
| Cell Physiological Phenomena |
| D012677 | Sensation |
| D009424 | Nervous System Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
| D009799 | Ocular Physiological Phenomena |