Preoperative hand grip strength will be measured in kilograms using a digital hand dynamometer (Baseline Smedley Digital Hand Dynamometer, Model 12-0286, Baseline Evaluation Instruments, China). Participants will be instructed to grip the hand dynamometer for 5 seconds with their dominant hand 3 times. They will be allowed to rest for 20 second between each grip. The highest measurement of 3 attempts will be recorded. Participants will be categorized as "strong grippers" or "weak grippers" according to Fried criteria as previously defined by Linda P. Fried and colleagues. A weak grip will be defined as follows:

For men:

BMI ≤24: hand grip strength ≤29 kg; BMI =24.1 to 28: hand grip strength ≤30 kg; BMI >28: hand grip strength ≤32 kg

For women:

BMI ≤23: hand grip strength ≤17 kg; BMI =23.1 to 26: hand grip strength ≤17.3 kg; BMI =26.1 to 29: hand grip strength ≤18 kg; BMI >29: hand grip strength ≤21 kg

Prolonged hospital stay is defined as postoperative hospital stay for ≥14 days.

Prolonged intensive care unit stay is defined as postoperative intensive care unit stay for >48 hours. This includes sum of all time spent in intensive care unit including unplanned returns.