Traditionally, the severity of a blockage (stenosis) in a coronary artery has been determined by visual angiographic assessment of the diameter of the artery at the level of a blockage compared to a normal healthy area of the same artery. With the advent of invasive physiological testing to assess coronary blood flow, multiple clinical trials have demonstrated a clinical benefit to a physiology-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) approach. However, despite this and the potential for significant variation in the interpretation of coronary artery stenosis severity by visual angiography alone to guide PCI, invasive physiologic indices remain significantly under-utilized.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the physiologic significance of coronary lesions deemed angiographically severe by visual estimation that are planned for PCI. The investigators plan to perform blinded physiologic assessment pre and post PCI. The primary aim of the study is to determine whether a subset of lesions visually estimated as severe by angiography treated with stent placement/PCI may in fact not be physiologically significant when assessed invasively, and thus PCI could safely be deferred in these patients. A secondary aim is to evaluate physiologic assessment post PCI to detect residual ischemia that could be utilized to optimize stent placement.

Invasive physiological assessment via both resting and hyperemic indices has been shown to correlate with clinical outcomes in multiple controlled clinical trials. The traditional approach for the use of physiologic assessment has been in the context of angiographic intermediate lesions, defined as a stenosis between 40-70% stenosis by visual assessment, however it is plausible it could also be used in the context of coronary artery stenosis deemed severe (>70%) by visual assessment given the clear limitations to an angiography approach alone. A subgroup analysis of the Fractional Flow Reserve Versus Angiography in Multivessel Evaluation (FAME trial) suggested that only 80% of the lesions deemed significant (70-90% diameter stenosis) by angiography were also flow limiting by invasive physiology. Recent studies have further revealed that the role of physiologic assessments can be expanded to optimize the results after PCI by detecting residual ischemia both in the form of diffuse and focal lesions.

With advances in technology in recent years, the current generation of coronary pressure-sensing wires now exhibit performances similar to that of traditional work-horse wires. This, coupled with the advent of non-hyperemic pressure ratio (NHPR) metrics which allow rapid invasive coronary physiology measurements within seconds without the cost and potential side effects of adenosine administration associated with traditional hyperemic physiology measures, now offers the capability to routinely perform physiology guided PCI approach for visually severe lesions.

REFINE-PCI is a prospective, single-center study in which participants with coronary artery stenosis deemed severe by visual angiography and planned for PCI without physiology assessment will undergo blinded invasive physiologic measurements using a coronary-pressure sensing wire pre and post PCI (OpSens OptoWire III) to assess the physiologic significance of the stenosis. Participants will also complete a health-related quality of life survey pre and 30 days post stent placement to assess for clinical change following PCI.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age >/= 18 years
• Patient provides written informed consent
• Clinical presentation with stable coronary artery disease or acute coronary syndromes (unstable angina, Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI), or ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI))
• Scheduled for clinically indicated cardiac catheterization
• At least one lesion with angiographic severity visually estimated to be >/= 70% diameter stenosis that is deemed suitable for PCI
• The operator plans to perform PCI on an ad hoc or planned basis
• The target lesion is not planned for assessment by invasive physiology

Exclusion Criteria:

• Failure to provide signed informed consent
• Culprit vessel of acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)
• Culprit vessel of Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)
• Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow less than grade 3 at baseline or visible thrombus
• Chronic total occlusion (CTO) in the target vessel
• Target vessel is supplied by major collaterals or supplies major collaterals to a CTO
• Target lesion involves the left main coronary artery
• Prior history of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to the target vessel, except if bypass graft is occluded
• Previously known untreated severe valvular heart disease
• Previously known left ventricular ejection fraction <30%
• Sustained ventricular arrhythmias
• Patients who are currently pregnant (pregnancy testing will be performed as per standard cardiac catheterization laboratory protocol)

Study population will consist of male and female subjects from the general interventional cardiology population who are scheduled for coronary angiogram at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

Data collected is specific to this clinical trial question