Trunk stabilization exercises were given three times a week for two weeks.

Activation exercises exercises performed twice for 5s, with 2 min rest between them for three times a week for two weeks.

Trunk stabilization exercises with

• Static back: A roll of towel was pressed against the back and the position was held for 10 secs and then released
• Static gluteus: The gluts were pressed inside and hold for 10 secs and then released.
• Abdominal bracing: Brace your abdomen by contracting your entire abdomen. From here Perform different exercises such as raising your arms and then raising your legs.
• Pelvic bridging: In crook lying, engage your gluts and trunk lift your hips towards the ceiling. Hold the position for 10 secs and then release.
• SLR with-hold at 30 and 45 degrees: Ask the supine patient to raise the leg up-to 45 degrees and hold for 10 secs. Then raise the leg up-to 30 degrees then hold for 10 secs.

Pain intensity was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS), which is a 100-mm ungraded line with two anchors. Its left and right anchors represented the minimum and maximum intensities of pain, respectively. The participants were asked to report their current pain intensity on the VAS.

The Oswestry Disability Index (also known as the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire) is an extremely important tool that researchers and disability evaluators use to measure a patient's permanent functional disability. The test is considered the 'gold standard' of low back functional outcome tools.