Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
This study investigated whether trait mindfulness in athletes is associated with impairments in neurocognitive function and endurance performance resulting from mental fatigue.
Recent research suggests that mental fatigue by prolonged cognitive tasks would impair neurocognitive functions (e.g., executive functions, brain activity) and sports performance, especially inhibitory control and endurance performance. On the other hand, individuals with higher dispositional mindfulness have been linked to greater athletic performance and cognitive functions. Still, there is little known whether higher dispositional mindfulness counteracts the detrimental effects of mental fatigue on endurance performance and inhibitory control in athletes. Therefore, this study is conducted to investigate whether dispositional mindfulness mediates the effects of mental fatigue on neurocognitive functions and endurance performance in athletes.
The qualified participants will visit the lab on two counterbalanced order occasions to complete either a modified incongruent Stroop task (mental fatigue condition, MF) or a modified congruent Stroop task (control condition, CON) for 30 minutes. Before and after each cognitive task, participants will be measured for their subjective mental fatigue by a visual analog scale (VAS). After each cognitive task, inhibitory control and endurance performance will be evaluated by a Flanker task and a graded exercise test (GXT), respectively. Furthermore, the general and athletic dispositional mindfulness will be measured using the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ).
Specifically, the targeted primary outcomes are neurocognitive functions (i.e., reaction time, accuracy and ERPs in Flanker task) and endurance performance (i.e., VO2max & time to exhaustion in GXT); The secondary outcomes are subjective (i.e., VAS score)/objective (i.e., reaction time, accuracy in Stroop task) mental fatigue, motivation in tasks, mood (i.e., BRUMS-C).
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mental Fatigue Condition, Then Control Condition | Experimental | Performing a completed incongruent version of Stroop task for 30min in mental fatigue condition. Then performing a completed congruent version of Stroop task for 30min in control condition. |
|
| Control Condition, Then Mental Fatigue Condition | Experimental | Performing a completed congruent version of Stroop task for 30min in Control condition. Then performing a completed incongruent version of Stroop task for 30min in mental fatigue condition. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mental fatigue condition | Behavioral | In mental fatigue condition, the mental fatigue manipulation will use a modified Stroop task with complete incongruent trials, which is wildly used to induce a mentally fatigued state in previous studies. The Stroop task included four colored words presented in traditional Chinese (i.e., red, green, blue, and yellow), the color of the word will paint inconsistent with the semantic meaning of the word (e.g., red word printed in green). The task consisted of five 6-minute blocks and 1080 incongruent trials for each block. The total duration will be 30-min. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Inhibitory Control: Reaction Time | Inhibitory control will be evaluated by a Flanker task in terms of reaction time in this study, and the types of trials are the congruent (i.e., > > > > >) and incongruent (i.e., < < > < <). In the Flanker task, participants were presented with five arrows and instructed to respond as quickly and accurately as possible to the direction where the middle arrow is pointing (i.e., left or right). | From enrollment to the end of second intervention at 1 week. During Flanker task, up to 15 minutes. |
| Inhibitory Control: Accuracy | Inhibitory control will be evaluated by a Flanker task in terms of accuracy in this study, and the types of trials are the congruent (i.e., > > > > >) and incongruent (i.e., < < > < <). In the Flanker task, participants were presented with five arrows and instructed to respond as quickly and accurately as possible to the direction where the middle arrow is pointing (i.e., left or right). | From enrollment to the end of second intervention at 1 week. During Flanker task, up to 15 minutes. |
| Endurance Performance: Time to Exhaustion | The endurance performance in terms of time to exhaustion (TTE) will be assessed by graded exercise test (GXT) with Bruce protocol on treadmill (h/p/cosmos pulsar 3p, Germany). The initial speed and grade of the GXT will be set at 2.74 km/hr with grade of 10% and increase speed and grade every 3 min until participants are volitionally exhausted. | From enrollment to the end of second intervention at 1 week. During graded exercise test, up to 30 minutes |
| Endurance Performance: Maximum Oxygen Consumption | The maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) throughout the whole GXT will be recorded by a computerized indirect calorimetry system (SensorMedics Vmax 29C, USA), and until the participants reached volitional exhaustion. The VO2max in the study will be defined as the highest 30-s average value of VO2 measured during GXT. | From enrollment to the end of second intervention at 1 week. During graded exercise test, up to 30 minutes. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Subjective Mental Fatigue | Before, after Stroop task, and after Flanker task, changes in subjective mental fatigue was measured using a visual analog scale for mental fatigue (VAS-MF). Participants were asked the following questions "What is your mental fatigue level now?", and participants could indicate how mental fatigue on a scale from 0 (i.e., no mental fatigue at all) to 100 (i.e., completely mentally exhausted). |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Yu-Kai Chang, Ph.D | Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University | Taipei | 106 | Taiwan |
No participants were excluded from the study.
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Higher Trait Mindfulness: Mental Fatigue Condition, Then Control Condition | Participants with higher trait mindfulness, as measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. They first underwent the mental fatigue condition, followed by the control condition. |
| FG001 | Higher Trait Mindfulness: Control Condition, Then Mental Fatigue Condition | Participants with higher trait mindfulness, as measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. They first underwent the control condition, followed by the mental fatigue condition. |
| FG002 | Intermediate Trait Mindfulness: Mental Fatigue Condition, Then Control Condition | Participants with intermediate trait mindfulness, as measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. They first underwent the mental fatigue condition, followed by the control condition. |
| FG003 | Intermediate Trait Mindfulness: Control Condition, Then Mental Fatigue Condition | Participants with intermediate trait mindfulness, as measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. They first underwent the control condition, followed by the mental fatigue condition. |
| FG004 | Lower Trait Mindfulness: Mental Fatigue Condition, Then Control Condition | Participants with lower trait mindfulness, as measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. They first underwent the mental fatigue condition, followed by the control condition. |
| FG005 | Lower Trait Mindfulness: Control Condition, Then Mental Fatigue Condition | Participants with lower trait mindfulness, as measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. They first underwent the control condition, followed by the mental fatigue condition. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Intervention |
| |||||||||||||
| Washout (3 to 7 days) |
| |||||||||||||
| Second Intervention |
|
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Higher Trait Mindfulness | Participants with higher trait mindfulness, as measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. |
| BG001 | Intermediate Trait Mindfulness | Participants with intermediate trait mindfulness, as measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Inhibitory Control: Reaction Time | Inhibitory control will be evaluated by a Flanker task in terms of reaction time in this study, and the types of trials are the congruent (i.e., > > > > >) and incongruent (i.e., < < > < <). In the Flanker task, participants were presented with five arrows and instructed to respond as quickly and accurately as possible to the direction where the middle arrow is pointing (i.e., left or right). | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | millisecond | From enrollment to the end of second intervention at 1 week. During Flanker task, up to 15 minutes. |
|
Through study completion, up to 1 month after experiment.
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Higher Trait Mindfulness: Mental Fatigue Condition, Then Control Condition | Participants with higher trait mindfulness, as measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. They first underwent the mental fatigue condition, followed by the control condition. |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Yu-Kai Chang | Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University | +886277493223 | yukaichangnew@gmail.com |
Not provided
| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Jun 3, 2023 | Jan 19, 2026 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005222 | Mental Fatigue |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005221 | Fatigue |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
Not provided
Not provided
The participants will visit the lab on two counterbalanced order occasions to complete either an incongruent version Stroop task (mental fatigue condition, MF) or a congruent version Stroop task (control condition, CON) for 30 minutes to induce the mental fatigue state.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
|
| Control condition | Behavioral | Similar to mental fatigue conditions, the modified Stroop task with complete congruent trials will be used, The Stroop task also included four colored words presented in traditional Chinese (i.e., red, green, blue, and yellow), but the color of the word will paint consistent with the semantic meaning of the word (e.g., red word printed in red) in order to set up the match condition of relative less cognitive demanding for participants. Same with the mental fatigue condition, the task consisted of five 6-minute blocks and 1080 congruent trials for each block. The total duration will be 30-min. |
|
| Changes in Neuroelectrical Activities | Neuroelectrical activity during the Flanker task was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) with continuous data acquisition throughout task performance. Changes in neuroelectrical activity were operationalized as differences in event-related potential (ERP) amplitudes during the Flanker task (e.g., N2 and P3 components). The mean amplitudes of the N2 and P3 were quantified within predefined time windows of 250-350 ms and 350-550 ms, respectively, following stimulus onset. | From enrollment to the end of second intervention at 1 week. During Flanker task, up to 15 minutes. |
| Three standardized time points within each experimental session at baseline and post-intervention: T0 (before the Stroop task), T1 (after the Stroop task), and T2 (after the Flanker task). |
| Objective Mental Fatigue: Reaction Time in Stroop Task | During the intervention, the reaction time in both Stroop tasks was calculated as an index of objective mental fatigue. | From enrollment to the end of second intervention at 1 week. During Stroop task, up to 30 minutes. |
| Objective Mental Fatigue: Accuracy in Stroop Task | During the intervention, the accuracy in both Stroop tasks was calculated as an index of objective mental fatigue. | From enrollment to the end of second intervention at 1 week. During Stroop task, up to 30 minutes. |
| Mood State | Mood state was determined by the difference in scores on the Brunel Mood Scale-Chinese (BRUMS-C) between before (i.e., T0) and after (i.e., T1) Stroop task. The BRUMS-C consists of 23 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale and comprises six subscales: anger, confusion, depression, tension, fatigue, and vigor. Each subscale score is calculated as the mean of its corresponding items, with possible scores ranging from 0 to 4. Higher mean scores indicate greater intensity of the respective mood state. | Two standardized time points within each experimental session at baseline and post-intervention: T0 (before the Stroop task) and T1 (after the Stroop task). |
| Motivation | The level of effort exerted by participants during the Flanker task and GXT was assessed using the VAS for motivation (VAS-M). Immediately after completing each task, participants were also asked to mark a 100mm line to rate their motivation to perform at their best (i.e., "How motivated are you to perform to the best of your ability in the task?") on a scale ranging from 0, indicating "not at all," to 100, indicating "extremely motivated." | From enrollment to the end of second intervention at 1 week. Immediately after completing Flanker task and GXT. |
| COMPLETED |
|
| NOT COMPLETED |
|
| COMPLETED |
|
| NOT COMPLETED |
|
| BG002 | Lower Trait Mindfulness | Participants with lower trait mindfulness, as measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | Participants |
|
| Height | Mean | Standard Deviation | cm |
|
| Weight | Mean | Standard Deviation | kg |
|
| Education level | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| Sport experience | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
Participants with intermediate trait mindfulness, as measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. |
| OG002 | Lower Trait Mindfulness | Participants with lower trait mindfulness, as measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. |
|
|
| Primary | Inhibitory Control: Accuracy | Inhibitory control will be evaluated by a Flanker task in terms of accuracy in this study, and the types of trials are the congruent (i.e., > > > > >) and incongruent (i.e., < < > < <). In the Flanker task, participants were presented with five arrows and instructed to respond as quickly and accurately as possible to the direction where the middle arrow is pointing (i.e., left or right). | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | Percentage of correct responses | From enrollment to the end of second intervention at 1 week. During Flanker task, up to 15 minutes. |
|
|
|
| Primary | Endurance Performance: Time to Exhaustion | The endurance performance in terms of time to exhaustion (TTE) will be assessed by graded exercise test (GXT) with Bruce protocol on treadmill (h/p/cosmos pulsar 3p, Germany). The initial speed and grade of the GXT will be set at 2.74 km/hr with grade of 10% and increase speed and grade every 3 min until participants are volitionally exhausted. | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | second | From enrollment to the end of second intervention at 1 week. During graded exercise test, up to 30 minutes |
|
|
|
| Primary | Endurance Performance: Maximum Oxygen Consumption | The maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) throughout the whole GXT will be recorded by a computerized indirect calorimetry system (SensorMedics Vmax 29C, USA), and until the participants reached volitional exhaustion. The VO2max in the study will be defined as the highest 30-s average value of VO2 measured during GXT. | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | mL/kg/min | From enrollment to the end of second intervention at 1 week. During graded exercise test, up to 30 minutes. |
|
|
|
| Primary | Changes in Neuroelectrical Activities | Neuroelectrical activity during the Flanker task was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) with continuous data acquisition throughout task performance. Changes in neuroelectrical activity were operationalized as differences in event-related potential (ERP) amplitudes during the Flanker task (e.g., N2 and P3 components). The mean amplitudes of the N2 and P3 were quantified within predefined time windows of 250-350 ms and 350-550 ms, respectively, following stimulus onset. | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | μV | From enrollment to the end of second intervention at 1 week. During Flanker task, up to 15 minutes. |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Subjective Mental Fatigue | Before, after Stroop task, and after Flanker task, changes in subjective mental fatigue was measured using a visual analog scale for mental fatigue (VAS-MF). Participants were asked the following questions "What is your mental fatigue level now?", and participants could indicate how mental fatigue on a scale from 0 (i.e., no mental fatigue at all) to 100 (i.e., completely mentally exhausted). | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | score on a scale | Three standardized time points within each experimental session at baseline and post-intervention: T0 (before the Stroop task), T1 (after the Stroop task), and T2 (after the Flanker task). |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Objective Mental Fatigue: Reaction Time in Stroop Task | During the intervention, the reaction time in both Stroop tasks was calculated as an index of objective mental fatigue. | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | millisecond | From enrollment to the end of second intervention at 1 week. During Stroop task, up to 30 minutes. |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Objective Mental Fatigue: Accuracy in Stroop Task | During the intervention, the accuracy in both Stroop tasks was calculated as an index of objective mental fatigue. | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | Percentage of correct responses | From enrollment to the end of second intervention at 1 week. During Stroop task, up to 30 minutes. |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Mood State | Mood state was determined by the difference in scores on the Brunel Mood Scale-Chinese (BRUMS-C) between before (i.e., T0) and after (i.e., T1) Stroop task. The BRUMS-C consists of 23 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale and comprises six subscales: anger, confusion, depression, tension, fatigue, and vigor. Each subscale score is calculated as the mean of its corresponding items, with possible scores ranging from 0 to 4. Higher mean scores indicate greater intensity of the respective mood state. | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | units on a scale | Two standardized time points within each experimental session at baseline and post-intervention: T0 (before the Stroop task) and T1 (after the Stroop task). |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Motivation | The level of effort exerted by participants during the Flanker task and GXT was assessed using the VAS for motivation (VAS-M). Immediately after completing each task, participants were also asked to mark a 100mm line to rate their motivation to perform at their best (i.e., "How motivated are you to perform to the best of your ability in the task?") on a scale ranging from 0, indicating "not at all," to 100, indicating "extremely motivated." | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | units on a scale | From enrollment to the end of second intervention at 1 week. Immediately after completing Flanker task and GXT. |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 14 |
| 0 |
| 14 |
| 0 |
| 14 |
| EG001 | Higher Trait Mindfulness: Control Condition, Then Mental Fatigue Condition | Participants with higher trait mindfulness, as measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. They first underwent the control condition, followed by the mental fatigue condition. | 0 | 13 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 13 |
| EG002 | Intermediate Trait Mindfulness: Mental Fatigue Condition, Then Control Condition | Participants with intermediate trait mindfulness, as measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. They first underwent the mental fatigue condition, followed by the control condition. | 0 | 17 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 17 |
| EG003 | Intermediate Trait Mindfulness: Control Condition, Then Mental Fatigue Condition | Participants with intermediate trait mindfulness, as measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. They first underwent the control condition, followed by the mental fatigue condition. | 0 | 18 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 18 |
| EG004 | Lower Trait Mindfulness: Mental Fatigue Condition, Then Control Condition | Participants with lower trait mindfulness, as measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. They first underwent the mental fatigue condition, followed by the control condition. | 0 | 14 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 14 |
| EG005 | Lower Trait Mindfulness: Control Condition, Then Mental Fatigue Condition | Participants with lower trait mindfulness, as measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. They first underwent the control condition, followed by the mental fatigue condition. | 0 | 14 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 14 |
Not provided
Not provided
| D001519 | Behavior |
| Male |
|
|
|
|
|
| P3 amplitude in mental fatigue condition (Incongruent trials) |
|
| P3 amplitude in control condition (Incongruent trials) |
|
|
| T2 at mental fatigue condition |
|
| T0 at control condition |
|
| T1 at control condition |
|
| T2 at control condition |
|
|
|
|
| BRUMS-Anger at T0 in control condition |
|
| BRUMS-Anger at T1 in control condition |
|
| BRUMS-Confusion at T0 in mental fatigue condition |
|
| BRUMS-Confusion at T1 in mental fatigue condition |
|
| BRUMS-Confusion at T0 in control condition |
|
| BRUMS-Confusion at T1 in control condition |
|
| BRUMS-Depression at T0 in mental fatigue condition |
|
| BRUMS-Depression at T1 in mental fatigue condition |
|
| BRUMS-Depression at T0 in control condition |
|
| BRUMS-Depression at T1 in control condition |
|
| BRUMS-Tension at T0 in mental fatigue condition |
|
| BRUMS-Tension at T1 in mental fatigue condition |
|
| BRUMS-Tension at T0 in control condition |
|
| BRUMS-Tension at T1 in control condition |
|
| BRUMS-Fatigue at T0 in mental fatigue condition |
|
| BRUMS-Fatigue at T1 in mental fatigue condition |
|
| BRUMS-Fatigue at T0 in control condition |
|
| BRUMS-Fatigue at T1 in control condition |
|
| BRUMS-Vigor at T0 in mental fatigue condition |
|
| BRUMS-Vigor at T1 in mental fatigue condition |
|
| BRUMS-Vigor at T0 in control condition |
|
| BRUMS-Vigor at T1 in control condition |
|
|
| GXT motivation in mental fatigue condition |
|
| GXT motivation in control condition |
|