Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Mental fatigue has been suggested that would impair neurocognitive functions and sports performance. On the other hand, mindfulness training (MT) seems to as a promising approach to attenuate mental fatigue and counteract its detrimental effect on cognitive functions and sports performance. The purpose of the present study is to examine the effect of MT on behavioral and neuroelectric indices of inhibitory control, and endurance performance in mentally fatigued athletes.
Accumulating research indicates that mental fatigue induced by prolonged cognitive tasks would impair neurocognitive functions and sports performance. Additionally, recent studies demonstrate that inhibitory control and endurance performance are significantly susceptible to detrimental effects of mental fatigue. On the other hand, mindfulness training (MT) has been widely been used to enhance cognitive functions and sports performance in neurocognitive and sports research, which has been considered a promising approach for attenuating mental fatigue and counteracting the detrimental effect of mental fatigue. However, the effect of MT on inhibitory control, endurance performance, and underlying mechanisms in mentally fatigued athletes remain unclear.
Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to examine the effect of MT on behavioral and neuroelectric indices of inhibitory control, and endurance performance in mentally fatigued athletes.
Specifically, the targeted primary outcomes are neurocognitive functions (i.e., reaction time, accuracy and ERPs in Flanker task) and endurance performance (i.e., VO2max & time to exhaustion); The secondary outcomes are changes in dispositional mindfulness, subjective (i.e., scores in visual analog scale)/objective (i.e., reaction time, accuracy in Stroop task) mental fatigue, motivation in tasks, and changes in mood state (i.e., BRUMS-C).
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness training group | Experimental | Participants in the mindfulness training (MT) group will engage in a 60-min session of mindfulness program per week for 8 weeks. |
|
| Waitlist control group | No Intervention | Participants in the waitlist control group will be required to maintain regular life and routine training. Once the participants in control group finished the whole experiment, they will be invited to participate in the MBPP program for eight weeks. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness intervention | Behavioral | The mindfulness program called "Mindfulness-based peak performance (MBPP)" will be used in this study. MBPP is a program that consists of eight 60-min training, and a 60-min session weekly for 8-weeks. The MBPP program will include (1) 5 minutes of will start with a brief recap of the preceding session and homework discussion, (2) after which the 5 minutes of a brief story about performance aimed at inducing the learning motivation of the participants; (3) Followed by 20 minutes of a theoretical lecture introducing a new topic and then (4) 25 minutes of mindfulness exercise. (5) Finally, how to apply the mindfulness skills to sports context will be discussed at the end of each session for 5 minutes. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Inhibitory Control: Reaction Time | Followed by the manipulation conditions, inhibitory control will be evaluated by a Flanker task (i.e., either mental fatigue condition or control condition). In the Flanker task, participants will be presented with five arrows and will be instructed to respond as quickly and accurately as possible to the direction where the middle arrow is pointing (i.e., left or right). Types of trials are the congruent (i.e., > > > > >) and incongruent (i.e., < < > < <). The reaction time (RT) and accuracy (ACC) of the incongruent trials were calculated as inhibitory control performance, and the difference between conditions was further calculated to represent a mental fatigue-related impairment of inhibitory control in pre-test and post-test. | After 30-minute mental fatigue and control conditions at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
| Inhibitory Control: Accuracy | Followed by the manipulation conditions, inhibitory control will be evaluated by a Flanker task (i.e., either mental fatigue condition or control condition). In the Flanker task, participants will be presented with five arrows and will be instructed to respond as quickly and accurately as possible to the direction where the middle arrow is pointing (i.e., left or right). Types of trials are the congruent (i.e., > > > > >) and incongruent (i.e., < < > < <). The reaction time (RT) and accuracy (ACC) of the incongruent trials were calculated as inhibitory control performance, and the difference between conditions was further calculated to represent a mental fatigue-related impairment of inhibitory control in pre-test and post-test. | After 30-minute mental fatigue and control conditions at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
| ERP: N2 | The neuroelectrical activities (i.e., N2, P3) during the Flanker task were recorded and analyzed using the Neuroscan system. The difference in neuroelectrical activities between conditions (i.e., mental fatigue condition & control condition) were calculated as mental fatigue-related impairment in neuroelectrical markers of inhibitory control. | After 30-minute mental fatigue and control conditions at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Subjective Mental Fatigue | Both in the baseline and post-intervention, the visual analog scale for mental fatigue (VAS-MF) was used to assess changes in subjective mental fatigue before and after experimental manipulation. The scale ranges from 0 (not at all mentally fatigued) to 100 (extremely mentally fatigued). | Before, after 30-minute Stroop task and after Flanker task in the mental fatigue and control condition at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Yu-Kai Chang, PhD | National Taiwan Normal University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University | Taipei | 106 | Taiwan |
No participants were excluded from the study before assignment to groups.
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Mindfulness Training Group | Participants in the mindfulness training (MT) group will engage in a 60-min session of mindfulness program per week for 8 weeks. Mindfulness intervention: The mindfulness program called "Mindfulness-based peak performance (MBPP)" will be used in this study. MBPP is a program that consists of eight 60-min training, and a 60-min session weekly for 8-weeks. The MBPP program will include (1) 5 minutes of will start with a brief recap of the preceding session and homework discussion, (2) after which the 5 minutes of a brief story about performance aimed at inducing the learning motivation of the participants; (3) Followed by 20 minutes of a theoretical lecture introducing a new topic and then (4) 25 minutes of mindfulness exercise. (5) Finally, how to apply the mindfulness skills to sports context will be discussed at the end of each session for 5 minutes. |
| FG001 | Waitlist Control Group | Participants in the waitlist control group will be required to maintain regular life and routine training. Once the participants in control group finished the whole experiment, they will be invited to participate in the MBPP program for eight weeks. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Mindfulness Training Group | Participants in the mindfulness training (MT) group will engage in a 60-min session of mindfulness program per week for 8 weeks. Mindfulness intervention: The mindfulness program called "Mindfulness-based peak performance (MBPP)" will be used in this study. MBPP is a program that consists of eight 60-min training, and a 60-min session weekly for 8-weeks. The MBPP program will include (1) 5 minutes of will start with a brief recap of the preceding session and homework discussion, (2) after which the 5 minutes of a brief story about performance aimed at inducing the learning motivation of the participants; (3) Followed by 20 minutes of a theoretical lecture introducing a new topic and then (4) 25 minutes of mindfulness exercise. (5) Finally, how to apply the mindfulness skills to sports context will be discussed at the end of each session for 5 minutes. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Inhibitory Control: Reaction Time | Followed by the manipulation conditions, inhibitory control will be evaluated by a Flanker task (i.e., either mental fatigue condition or control condition). In the Flanker task, participants will be presented with five arrows and will be instructed to respond as quickly and accurately as possible to the direction where the middle arrow is pointing (i.e., left or right). Types of trials are the congruent (i.e., > > > > >) and incongruent (i.e., < < > < <). The reaction time (RT) and accuracy (ACC) of the incongruent trials were calculated as inhibitory control performance, and the difference between conditions was further calculated to represent a mental fatigue-related impairment of inhibitory control in pre-test and post-test. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | millisecond | After 30-minute mental fatigue and control conditions at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
|
Through study completion, up to 1 month post-intervention.
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Mindfulness Training Group | Participants in the mindfulness training (MT) group will engage in a 60-min session of mindfulness program per week for 8 weeks. Mindfulness intervention: The mindfulness program called "Mindfulness-based peak performance (MBPP)" will be used in this study. MBPP is a program that consists of eight 60-min training, and a 60-min session weekly for 8-weeks. The MBPP program will include (1) 5 minutes of will start with a brief recap of the preceding session and homework discussion, (2) after which the 5 minutes of a brief story about performance aimed at inducing the learning motivation of the participants; (3) Followed by 20 minutes of a theoretical lecture introducing a new topic and then (4) 25 minutes of mindfulness exercise. (5) Finally, how to apply the mindfulness skills to sports context will be discussed at the end of each session for 5 minutes. |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Yu-Kai Chang | Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University | +886277493223 | yukaichangnew@gmail.com |
Not provided
| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Dec 19, 2023 | Aug 30, 2024 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005222 | Mental Fatigue |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005221 | Fatigue |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
|
| ERP: P3 | The neuroelectrical activities (i.e., N2, P3) during the Flanker task were recorded and analyzed using the Neuroscan system. The difference in neuroelectrical activities between conditions (i.e., mental fatigue condition & control condition) were calculated as mental fatigue-related impairment in neuroelectrical markers of inhibitory control. | After 30-minute mental fatigue and control conditions at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
| Endurance Performance: Time to Exhaustion | The graded exercise test (GXT) on treadmill was used to assess participant's endurance performance. Bruce protocol will be adopted in the test. The initial speed and grade of the GXT will be set at 2.74 km/hr with a grade of 10% and increase speed and grade every 3 min until participants are voluntarily exhausted. The time to exhaustion (TTE) was recorded as the endurance performance. The difference in TTE between conditions was further calculated (i.e., control condition minus mental fatigue condition) for both the pre-test and post-test. | After 30-minute mental fatigue and control conditions at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
| Endurance Performance: VO2max | The graded exercise test (GXT) on treadmill was used to assess participant's endurance performance. Bruce protocol will be adopted in the test. The initial speed and grade of the GXT will be set at 2.74 km/hr with a grade of 10% and increase speed and grade every 3 min until participants are voluntarily exhausted. The maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) was recorded as the endurance performance. The difference in VO2max between conditions was further calculated (i.e., control condition minus mental fatigue condition) for both the pre-test and post-test. | After 30-minute mental fatigue and control conditions at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
| Objective Mental Fatigue | Both at baseline and post-intervention, participants completed either a 30-min 100% incongruent version Stroop task (i.e., mental fatigue condition) or a 30-min 100% congruent version Stroop task (i.e., control condition). In the Stroop task, accuracy (ACC) was calculated as an index of objective mental fatigue. It is expressed as a percentage, determined by dividing the number of correct responses by the total number of responses. | Post 30-minute mental fatigue and control condition at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
| Dispositional Mindfulness | The change in dispositional mindfulness was assessed using the 16-item (5-Likert scale) athlete mindfulness questionnaire (AMQ). The mean score range is between 1-5. Higher mean scores indicate a higher level of dispositional mindfulness. | Baseline (pre-test) and 8 weeks (post-test) |
| Mood State: Anger | Mood state change was determined by the difference in scores on the Brunel Mood Scale-Chinese (BRUMS-C) between before and after manipulation. The BRUMS-C contains 23 item (5-Likert scale) and is divided into six sub-scales: anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigour. The mean score range is between 0-4. Higher mean scores indicate a higher anger mood. | Before, after 30-minute Stroop task in the mental fatigue and control condition at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
| Mood State: Confusion | Mood state change was determined by the difference in scores on the Brunel Mood Scale-Chinese (BRUMS-C) between before and after manipulation. The BRUMS-C contains 23 item (5-Likert scale) and is divided into six sub-scales: anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigour. The mean score range is between 0-4. Higher mean scores indicate a higher confusion mood. | Before, after 30-minute Stroop task in the mental fatigue and control condition at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
| Mood State: Depression | Mood state change was determined by the difference in scores on the Brunel Mood Scale-Chinese (BRUMS-C) between before and after manipulation. The BRUMS-C contains 23 item (5-Likert scale) and is divided into six sub-scales: anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigour. The mean score range is between 0-4. Higher mean scores indicate a higher depression mood. | Before, after 30-minute Stroop task in the mental fatigue and control condition at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
| Mood State: Fatigue | Mood state change was determined by the difference in scores on the Brunel Mood Scale-Chinese (BRUMS-C) between before and after manipulation. The BRUMS-C contains 23 item (5-Likert scale) and is divided into six sub-scales: anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigour. The mean score range is between 0-4. Higher mean scores indicate a higher fatigue mood. | Before, after 30-minute Stroop task in the mental fatigue and control condition at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
| Mood State: Tension | Mood state change was determined by the difference in scores on the Brunel Mood Scale-Chinese (BRUMS-C) between before and after manipulation. The BRUMS-C contains 23 item (5-Likert scale) and is divided into six sub-scales: anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigour. The mean score range is between 0-4. Higher mean scores indicate a higher tension mood. | Before, after 30-minute Stroop task in the mental fatigue and control condition at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
| Mood State: Vigour | Mood state change was determined by the difference in scores on the Brunel Mood Scale-Chinese (BRUMS-C) between before and after manipulation. The BRUMS-C contains 23 item (5-Likert scale) and is divided into six sub-scales: anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigour. The mean score range is between 0-4. Higher mean scores indicate a higher vigor mood. | Before, after 30-minute Stroop task in the mental fatigue and control condition at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
| Perception of Effort | During the graded exercise test, the perception of effort will be asked at beginning and every 2.5-min using Borg 6 to 20 scale, until the participant comes to voluntary exhaustion. | every 2.5 minutes during graded exercise test |
| BG001 | Waitlist Control Group | Participants in the waitlist control group will be required to maintain regular life and routine training. Once the participants in control group finished the whole experiment, they will be invited to participate in the MBPP program for eight weeks. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Sport | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Height | Mean | Standard Deviation | centimeter (cm) |
|
| Weight | Mean | Standard Deviation | kilograms (kg) |
|
| Education level | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| Training experience | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| Working memory | The Digit-Span Test was used to assess working memory at baseline and to compare cognitive function between groups. The Digit-Span Test included both forward and backward digit spans. The scale for the forward digit span ranges from 0 to 16, while the scale for the backward digit span ranges from 0 to 14. A higher score indicates better verbal working memory. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
Participants in the mindfulness training (MT) group will engage in a 60-min session of mindfulness program per week for 8 weeks.
Mindfulness intervention: The mindfulness program called "Mindfulness-based peak performance (MBPP)" will be used in this study. MBPP is a program that consists of eight 60-min training, and a 60-min session weekly for 8-weeks. The MBPP program will include (1) 5 minutes of will start with a brief recap of the preceding session and homework discussion, (2) after which the 5 minutes of a brief story about performance aimed at inducing the learning motivation of the participants; (3) Followed by 20 minutes of a theoretical lecture introducing a new topic and then (4) 25 minutes of mindfulness exercise. (5) Finally, how to apply the mindfulness skills to sports context will be discussed at the end of each session for 5 minutes.
| OG001 | Waitlist Control Group | Participants in the waitlist control group will be required to maintain regular life and routine training. Once the participants in control group finished the whole experiment, they will be invited to participate in the MBPP program for eight weeks. |
|
|
|
| Primary | Inhibitory Control: Accuracy | Followed by the manipulation conditions, inhibitory control will be evaluated by a Flanker task (i.e., either mental fatigue condition or control condition). In the Flanker task, participants will be presented with five arrows and will be instructed to respond as quickly and accurately as possible to the direction where the middle arrow is pointing (i.e., left or right). Types of trials are the congruent (i.e., > > > > >) and incongruent (i.e., < < > < <). The reaction time (RT) and accuracy (ACC) of the incongruent trials were calculated as inhibitory control performance, and the difference between conditions was further calculated to represent a mental fatigue-related impairment of inhibitory control in pre-test and post-test. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | percentage of correct response | After 30-minute mental fatigue and control conditions at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | ERP: N2 | The neuroelectrical activities (i.e., N2, P3) during the Flanker task were recorded and analyzed using the Neuroscan system. The difference in neuroelectrical activities between conditions (i.e., mental fatigue condition & control condition) were calculated as mental fatigue-related impairment in neuroelectrical markers of inhibitory control. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | μV | After 30-minute mental fatigue and control conditions at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | ERP: P3 | The neuroelectrical activities (i.e., N2, P3) during the Flanker task were recorded and analyzed using the Neuroscan system. The difference in neuroelectrical activities between conditions (i.e., mental fatigue condition & control condition) were calculated as mental fatigue-related impairment in neuroelectrical markers of inhibitory control. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | μV | After 30-minute mental fatigue and control conditions at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Endurance Performance: Time to Exhaustion | The graded exercise test (GXT) on treadmill was used to assess participant's endurance performance. Bruce protocol will be adopted in the test. The initial speed and grade of the GXT will be set at 2.74 km/hr with a grade of 10% and increase speed and grade every 3 min until participants are voluntarily exhausted. The time to exhaustion (TTE) was recorded as the endurance performance. The difference in TTE between conditions was further calculated (i.e., control condition minus mental fatigue condition) for both the pre-test and post-test. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | second | After 30-minute mental fatigue and control conditions at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Endurance Performance: VO2max | The graded exercise test (GXT) on treadmill was used to assess participant's endurance performance. Bruce protocol will be adopted in the test. The initial speed and grade of the GXT will be set at 2.74 km/hr with a grade of 10% and increase speed and grade every 3 min until participants are voluntarily exhausted. The maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) was recorded as the endurance performance. The difference in VO2max between conditions was further calculated (i.e., control condition minus mental fatigue condition) for both the pre-test and post-test. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | ml/kg/min | After 30-minute mental fatigue and control conditions at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Subjective Mental Fatigue | Both in the baseline and post-intervention, the visual analog scale for mental fatigue (VAS-MF) was used to assess changes in subjective mental fatigue before and after experimental manipulation. The scale ranges from 0 (not at all mentally fatigued) to 100 (extremely mentally fatigued). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Before, after 30-minute Stroop task and after Flanker task in the mental fatigue and control condition at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Objective Mental Fatigue | Both at baseline and post-intervention, participants completed either a 30-min 100% incongruent version Stroop task (i.e., mental fatigue condition) or a 30-min 100% congruent version Stroop task (i.e., control condition). In the Stroop task, accuracy (ACC) was calculated as an index of objective mental fatigue. It is expressed as a percentage, determined by dividing the number of correct responses by the total number of responses. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | percentage | Post 30-minute mental fatigue and control condition at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Dispositional Mindfulness | The change in dispositional mindfulness was assessed using the 16-item (5-Likert scale) athlete mindfulness questionnaire (AMQ). The mean score range is between 1-5. Higher mean scores indicate a higher level of dispositional mindfulness. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Baseline (pre-test) and 8 weeks (post-test) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Mood State: Anger | Mood state change was determined by the difference in scores on the Brunel Mood Scale-Chinese (BRUMS-C) between before and after manipulation. The BRUMS-C contains 23 item (5-Likert scale) and is divided into six sub-scales: anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigour. The mean score range is between 0-4. Higher mean scores indicate a higher anger mood. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Before, after 30-minute Stroop task in the mental fatigue and control condition at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Mood State: Confusion | Mood state change was determined by the difference in scores on the Brunel Mood Scale-Chinese (BRUMS-C) between before and after manipulation. The BRUMS-C contains 23 item (5-Likert scale) and is divided into six sub-scales: anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigour. The mean score range is between 0-4. Higher mean scores indicate a higher confusion mood. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Before, after 30-minute Stroop task in the mental fatigue and control condition at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Mood State: Depression | Mood state change was determined by the difference in scores on the Brunel Mood Scale-Chinese (BRUMS-C) between before and after manipulation. The BRUMS-C contains 23 item (5-Likert scale) and is divided into six sub-scales: anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigour. The mean score range is between 0-4. Higher mean scores indicate a higher depression mood. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Before, after 30-minute Stroop task in the mental fatigue and control condition at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Mood State: Fatigue | Mood state change was determined by the difference in scores on the Brunel Mood Scale-Chinese (BRUMS-C) between before and after manipulation. The BRUMS-C contains 23 item (5-Likert scale) and is divided into six sub-scales: anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigour. The mean score range is between 0-4. Higher mean scores indicate a higher fatigue mood. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Before, after 30-minute Stroop task in the mental fatigue and control condition at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Mood State: Tension | Mood state change was determined by the difference in scores on the Brunel Mood Scale-Chinese (BRUMS-C) between before and after manipulation. The BRUMS-C contains 23 item (5-Likert scale) and is divided into six sub-scales: anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigour. The mean score range is between 0-4. Higher mean scores indicate a higher tension mood. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Before, after 30-minute Stroop task in the mental fatigue and control condition at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Mood State: Vigour | Mood state change was determined by the difference in scores on the Brunel Mood Scale-Chinese (BRUMS-C) between before and after manipulation. The BRUMS-C contains 23 item (5-Likert scale) and is divided into six sub-scales: anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigour. The mean score range is between 0-4. Higher mean scores indicate a higher vigor mood. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Before, after 30-minute Stroop task in the mental fatigue and control condition at pre-test and post-test (8 weeks) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Perception of Effort | During the graded exercise test, the perception of effort will be asked at beginning and every 2.5-min using Borg 6 to 20 scale, until the participant comes to voluntary exhaustion. | Not Posted | every 2.5 minutes during graded exercise test | Participants |
| 0 |
| 26 |
| 0 |
| 26 |
| 0 |
| 26 |
| EG001 | Waitlist Control Group | Participants in the waitlist control group will be required to maintain regular life and routine training. Once the participants in control group finished the whole experiment, they will be invited to participate in the MBPP program for eight weeks. | 0 | 27 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 27 |
Not provided
Not provided
| D001519 | Behavior |
| VAS score at T3 in pre-test (mental fatigue condition) |
|
| VAS score at T1 in pre-test (control condition) |
|
| VAS score at T2 in pre-test (control condition) |
|
| VAS score at T3 in pre-test (control condition) |
|
| VAS score at T1 in post-test (mental fatigue condition) |
|
| VAS score at T2 in post-test (mental fatigue condition) |
|
| VAS score at T3 in post-test (mental fatigue condition) |
|
| VAS score at T1 in post-test (control condition) |
|
| VAS score at T2 in post-test (control condition) |
|
| VAS score at T3 in post-test (control condition) |
|
| The ACC of Stroop_Block 3 in pre-test (mental fatigue condition) |
|
| The ACC of Stroop_Block 4 in pre-test (mental fatigue condition) |
|
| The ACC of Stroop_Block 5 in pre-test (mental fatigue condition) |
|
| The ACC of Stroop_Block 1 in pre-test (control condition) |
|
| The ACC of Stroop_Block 2 in pre-test (control condition) |
|
| The ACC of Stroop_Block 3 in pre-test (control condition) |
|
| The ACC of Stroop_Block 4 in pre-test (control condition) |
|
| The ACC of Stroop_Block 5 in pre-test (control condition) |
|
| The ACC of Stroop_Block 1 in post-test (mental fatigue condition) |
|
| The ACC of Stroop_Block 2 in post-test (mental fatigue condition) |
|
| The ACC of Stroop_Block 3 in post-test (mental fatigue condition) |
|
| The ACC of Stroop_Block 4 in post-test (mental fatigue condition) |
|
| The ACC of Stroop_Block 5 in post-test (mental fatigue condition) |
|
| The ACC of Stroop_Block 1 in post-test (control condition) |
|
| The ACC of Stroop_Block 2 in post-test (control condition) |
|
| The ACC of Stroop_Block 3 in post-test (control condition) |
|
| The ACC of Stroop_Block 4 in post-test (control condition) |
|
| The ACC of Stroop_Block 5 in post-test (control condition) |
|
| Change of anger in pre-control condition |
|
| Change of anger in post-control condition |
|
| Change of confusion in pre-control condition |
|
| Change of confusion in post-control condition |
|
| Change of depression in pre-control condition |
|
| Change of depression in post-control condition |
|
| Change of fatigue in pre-control condition |
|
| Change of fatigue in post-control condition |
|
| Change of tension in pre-control condition |
|
| Change of tension in post-control condition |
|
| Change of vigour in pre-control condition |
|
| Change of vigour in post-control condition |
|