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Despite older adults being exposed to an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), they are generally underrepresented in cardiovascular prevention programmes. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of an integrated exercise and cardiovascular health education programme (HE programme) on community-dwelling older adults at risk of ASCVD.
The study is a two-arm randomized controlled trial. (1) The control group will mainly receive a basic lifestyle modification talk, a lecture video and governmental education leaflets. (2) The experimental group will receive an integrated exercise and health education programme (HE programme) based on self-efficacy theory. Physical activity level, exercise self-efficacy and ASCVD risk profile including blood pressure, cardiac endurance, fasting blood glucose, fasting blood lipids, and anthropometric outcomes will be investigated via physiological assessments, medical history-taking or questionnaires at baseline, Week 12, Week 24 and Week 36.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental Arm: Integrated Intervention | Experimental | Receive an integrated exercise and cardiovascular health education programme (HE programme) |
|
| Control | Sham Comparator | Receive usual care |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HE programme | Behavioral | Participants will receive a 12-week integrated exercise and cardiovascular health education programme (HE programme) which is constructed based on self-efficacy theory. A booster intervention in the form of SMS messaging will be given from Week 1 to Week 12. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Physical activity level (total score) at Week 24 | The physical activity level will be measured by the Chinese Version of Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE-C). The total score (from zero to 400 or above) is quantified based on frequency values and weights for these activities. The higher the score, the higher the level of physical activity. | At Week 24 |
| Physical activity level (classification of physical activity level) at Week 24 | The physical activity level will be measured by the Chinese version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short form (IPAQ-C-short form). Participants are classified into "inactive", "minimally active" or "health enhancing physical activity (HEPA) active" based on their physical activity levels. | At Week 24 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Exercise self-efficacy at baseline | Exercise self-efficacy will be measured via the Chinese version of Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE-C). The total score ranges from 0 to 90. The higher the score, the greater the exercise self-efficacy. | At baseline |
| Exercise self-efficacy at Week 12 |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ka Yan Ho | Contact | 27666417 | kyeva.ho@polyu.edu.hk |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ka Yan Ho | The Hong Kong Polytechnic University | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Hong Kong Polytechnic University | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37224162 | Derived | Lo FMW, Wong EML, Ho KY. The effects of an integrated exercise and cardiovascular health education programme on community-dwelling older adults at risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases: A study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. PLoS One. 2023 May 24;18(5):e0286181. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286181. eCollection 2023. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| D006266 | Health Education |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D050197 | Atherosclerosis |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000099060 | Adherence Interventions |
| D055118 | Medication Adherence |
| D010349 | Patient Compliance |
| D010342 | Patient Acceptance of Health Care |
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|
| Usual care | Behavioral | Participants will receive usual care which primarily includes an education talk on basic health issues. A governmental health education leaflet and a lecture video will be provided for reference. |
|
Exercise self-efficacy will be measured via the Chinese version of Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE-C). The total score ranges from 0 to 90. The higher the score, the greater the exercise self-efficacy. |
| At Week 12 |
| Exercise self-efficacy at Week 24 | Exercise self-efficacy will be measured via the Chinese version of Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE-C). The total score ranges from 0 to 90. The higher the score, the greater the exercise self-efficacy. | At Week 24 |
| Exercise self-efficacy at Week 36 | Exercise self-efficacy will be measured via the Chinese version of Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE-C). The total score ranges from 0 to 90. The higher the score, the greater the exercise self-efficacy. | At Week 36 |
| ASCVD risk profiles (Blood pressure, weight, height, BMI & waist circumference, heart rate) at baseline | The ASCVD risk profiles will be assessed by physical evaluations carried out by blinded, trained outcome assessors. | At baseline |
| ASCVD risk profiles (Blood pressure, weight, height, BMI & waist circumference, heart rate) at Week 12 | The ASCVD risk profiles will be assessed by physical evaluations carried out by blinded, trained outcome assessors. | At Week 12 |
| ASCVD risk profiles (Blood pressure, weight, height, BMI & waist circumference, heart rate) at Week 24 | The ASCVD risk profiles will be assessed by physical evaluations carried out by blinded, trained outcome assessors. | At Week 24 |
| ASCVD risk profiles (Blood pressure, weight, height, BMI & waist circumference, heart rate) at Week 36 | The ASCVD risk profiles will be assessed by physical evaluations carried out by blinded, trained outcome assessors. | At Week 36 |
| ASCVD risk profiles (Fasting blood glucose and fasting blood lipids including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides) at baseline | The ASCVD risk profiles will be assessed by obtaining finger-prick blood samples using an auto-analyser, carried out by blinded, trained outcome assessors. Fasting 8 hours before obtaining blood samples will be required. | At baseline |
| ASCVD risk profiles (Fasting blood glucose and fasting blood lipids including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides) at Week 24 | The ASCVD risk profiles will be assessed by obtaining finger-prick blood samples using an auto-analyser, carried out by blinded, trained outcome assessors. Fasting 8 hours before obtaining blood samples will be required. | At Week 24 |
| ASCVD risk profiles (Fasting blood glucose and fasting blood lipids including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides) at Week 36 | The ASCVD risk profiles will be assessed by obtaining finger-prick blood samples using an auto-analyser, carried out by blinded, trained outcome assessors. Fasting 8 hours before obtaining blood samples will be required. | At Week 36 |
| ASCVD risk profiles (2-minute walk test) at baseline | 2-minute walk test will be adopted to examine aerobic capacity and self-paced walking capacity by measuring the walking distance covered at two minutes. It will be assessed by blinded, trained outcome assessors. | At baseline |
| ASCVD risk profiles (2-minute walk test) at Week 12 | 2-minute walk test will be adopted to examine aerobic capacity and self-paced walking capacity by measuring the walking distance covered at two minutes. It will be assessed by blinded, trained outcome assessors. | At Week 12 |
| ASCVD risk profiles (2-minute walk test) at Week 24 | 2-minute walk test will be adopted to examine aerobic capacity and self-paced walking capacity by measuring the walking distance covered at two minutes. It will be assessed by blinded, trained outcome assessors. | At Week 24 |
| ASCVD risk profiles (2-minute walk test) at Week 36 | 2-minute walk test will be adopted to examine aerobic capacity and self-paced walking capacity by measuring the walking distance covered at two minutes. It will be assessed by blinded, trained outcome assessors. | At Week 36 |
| Adverse events throughout the program | Unfavorable or unintended events regarding the programme reported by participants throughout the study period. | Throughout the study period |
| Eligibility rate | The number of eligible potential participants divided by the number of screened people | At baseline |
| Recruitment rate | The percentage of participants who consent to join the study and being recruited | At baseline |
| Retention rate at baseline | The percentage of participants remaining in the study | At baseline |
| Retention rate at Week 12 | The percentage of participants remaining in the study | At Week 12 |
| Retention rate at Week 24 | The percentage of participants remaining in the study | At Week 24 |
| Retention rate at Week 36 | The percentage of participants remaining in the study | At Week 36 |
| Lecture attendance rate | The number of participants in the control group who attend the education talk divided by the number of participants who are randomized into the control group The number of participants in the experimental group who attend the education session divided by the number of participants who are randomized into the experimental group The number of participants in the two groups who attend the education session divided by the number of randomized participants | Immediately after education session |
| Adherence to intervention | The number of participants in the experimental group who practice the tailor-made exercise learned during the intervention divided by the number of participants in the experimental group Experimental group's frequency in performing tailor-made exercise related to the recommended exercise dosage | At Week 36 |
| Attendance rate to data collection at baseline | The number of participants in the control group who attend the data collection divided by the number of participants who are randomized into the control group The number of participants in the experimental group who attend the data collection divided by the number of participants who are randomized into the experimental group The number of participants who attend the data collection divided by the number of randomized participants | At baseline |
| Attendance rate to data collection at Week 12 | The number of participants in the control group who attend the data collection divided by the number of participants who are randomized into the control group The number of participants in the experimental group who attend the data collection divided by the number of participants who are randomized into the experimental group The number of participants who attend the data collection divided by the number of randomized participants | At Week 12 |
| Attendance rate to data collection at Week 24 | The number of participants in the control group who attend the data collection divided by the number of participants who are randomized into the control group The number of participants in the experimental group who attend the data collection divided by the number of participants who are randomized into the experimental group The number of participants who attend the data collection divided by the number of randomized participants | At Week 24 |
| Attendance rate to data collection at Week 36 | The number of participants in the control group who attend the data collection divided by the number of participants who are randomized into the control group The number of participants in the experimental group who attend the data collection divided by the number of participants who are randomized into the experimental group The number of participants who attend the data collection divided by the number of randomized participants | At Week 36 |
| Questionnaire completion rate at baseline | The number of participants who complete the questionnaire divided by the number of distributed questionnaires | At baseline |
| Questionnaire completion rate at Week 12 | The number of participants who complete the questionnaire divided by the number of distributed questionnaires | At Week 12 |
| Questionnaire completion rate at Week 24 | The number of participants who complete the questionnaire divided by the number of distributed questionnaires | At Week 24 |
| Questionnaire completion rate at Week 36 | The number of participants who complete the questionnaire divided by the number of distributed questionnaires | At Week 36 |
| Missing data at baseline | The percentage of missing data | At baseline |
| Missing data at Week 12 | The percentage of missing data | At Week 12 |
| Missing data at Week 24 | The percentage of missing data | At Week 24 |
| Missing data at Week 36 | The percentage of missing data | At Week 36 |
| Structured questionnaire | The questionnaire will primarily include patient demographics, medical history, lifestyle patterns, medication use and physical fitness evaluation data, etc. | At baseline |
| Physical activity level (total score) at baseline | The physical activity level will be measured by the Chinese Version of Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE-C). The total score (from zero to 400 or above) is quantified based on frequency values and weights for these activities. The higher the score, the higher the level of physical activity. | At baseline |
| Physical activity level (total score) at Week 12 | The physical activity level will be measured by the Chinese Version of Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE-C). The total score (from zero to 400 or above) is quantified based on frequency values and weights for these activities. The higher the score, the higher the level of physical activity. | At Week 12 |
| Physical activity level (total score) at Week 36 | The physical activity level will be measured by the Chinese Version of Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE-C). The total score (from zero to 400 or above) is quantified based on frequency values and weights for these activities. The higher the score, the higher the level of physical activity. | At Week 36 |
| Physical activity level (classification of physical activity level) at baseline | The physical activity level will be measured by the Chinese version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short form (IPAQ-C-short form). Participants are classified into "inactive", "minimally active" or "health enhancing physical activity (HEPA) active" based on their physical activity levels. | At baseline |
| Physical activity level (classification of physical activity level) at Week 12 | The physical activity level will be measured by the Chinese version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short form (IPAQ-C-short form). Participants are classified into "inactive", "minimally active" or "health enhancing physical activity (HEPA) active" based on their physical activity levels. | At Week 12 |
| Physical activity level (classification of physical activity level) at Week 36 | The physical activity level will be measured by the Chinese version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short form (IPAQ-C-short form). Participants are classified into "inactive", "minimally active" or "health enhancing physical activity (HEPA) active" based on their physical activity levels. | At Week 36 |
| D000074822 | Treatment Adherence and Compliance |
| D015438 | Health Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D001161 | Arteriosclerosis |
| D001157 | Arterial Occlusive Diseases |
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |