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The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of Baduanjin on blood pressure in individuals with high normal blood pressure (SBP 130-139 mmHg, and/or DBP 85-89 mmHg), as well as on glucose and lipid metabolism, quality of life, psychology, exercise, immune inflammation, endothelial function, and arterial stiffness.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Self-directed exercise group | No Intervention | Participants in the self-directed exercise group will choose the type and duration of exercise by their preference. | |
| Brisk walking group | Active Comparator | Participants in Brisk Walking Group will participate in brisk walking for 52 weeks (≥5 days/week, about 30 minutes/day). |
|
| Baduanjin group | Experimental | Participants in Baduanjin Group will practice Baduanjin singly for 52 weeks (≥5 days/week, about 30 minutes/day). |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baduanjin | Behavioral | Participants in Baduanjin group will receive health education on hypertension and attend a 4-hour class to learn Baduanjin before receiving the interventions after the randomization. Baduanjin exercise protocol is based on the "Fitness Qigong Baduanjin Standard" enacted by the General Administration of Sports in 2003. Each Badaunjin exercise session will last at least 30 minutes and be conducted at least 5 days per week for 52 weeks. These participants will be required to practice Baduanjin regularly, and the researchers will monitor their adherence to practice and provide reminders if needed. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline ambulatory 24-h systolic blood pressure (mmHg) at 12 week | Change form Baseline ambulatory 24-h systolic blood pressure at 12 week will be measured by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to investigate the short-term antihypertensive effect of Baduanjin. | Baseline, 12 week |
| Change from baseline ambulatory 24-h systolic blood pressure (mmHg) at 52 week | Change from baseline ambulatory 24-h systolic blood pressure at 52 week will be measured by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to investigate the long-term antihypertensive effect of Baduanjin. | Baseline, 52 week |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Other blood pressure indicators: daytime mean SBP(mmHg), nighttime mean SBP(mmHg), 24-h DBP(mmHg), daytime mean DBP(mmHg), nighttime mean DBP(mmHg) | Other blood pressure indicators:daytime mean systolic blood pressure, nighttime mean systolic blood pressure, 24-h diastolic blood pressure, daytime mean diastolic blood pressure, nighttime mean diastolic blood pressure | Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| hs-CRP(mg/L) | Inflammatory indicator:high-sensitivity C-reactive protein | Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| IL-1β(pg/mL) | Inflammatory indicator:interleukin-1β |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Jing Li, MD,PhD | National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fuwai Hospital | Beijing | Beijing Municipality | China |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41706075 | Derived | Pu B, Zhang L, Sun Y, Yu Y, Yan L, Li Y, Liu J, Zheng X, Zhang H, Peng Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Ma X, Guo L, Wang Z, Li G, Wang Z, Liu P, Yang Y, Shao L, Yan X, Zhen J, Li D, Guo J, Ding H, Ma Y, Bai W, Hu R, Li J. Effect of Baduanjin on Blood Pressure Among Individuals With High-Normal Blood Pressure: A Multicenter, Open-Label, Blinded-Outcome Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2026 Feb 18:S0735-1097(26)00077-X. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2026.01.014. Online ahead of print. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006973 | Hypertension |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
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| Brisk walking | Behavioral | Participants in this group will receive health education on hypertension and practice brisk walking on their own for at least 30 minutes, at least 5 days per week for 52 weeks. These participants will be required to do brisk walking regularly, and the researcher will monitor their adherence to practice and provide reminders if needed. |
|
| SBP(mmHg) | Blood pressure indicator:office systolic blood pressure | Baseline,4 week,8 week,12 weeks,24 week,32 week,52 week |
| DBP(mmHg） | Blood pressure indicator:office diastolic blood pressure | Baseline,4 week,8 week,12 weeks,24 week,32 week,52 week |
| FBG(mmol/L) | Glucose metabolism indicator: fasting blood glucose | Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| HbA1c(%) | Glucose metabolism indicator: hemoglobin A1c | Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| Insulin | Glucose metabolism indicator | Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| C-peptide | Glucose metabolism indicator | Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| Lipid metabolism parameters: TC(mmol/L), TG(mmol/L), HDL-C(mmol/L), LDL-C(mmol/L) | Lipid metabolism indicators: total cholesterol , triglyceride , high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol | Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| Total scores of The Short-Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) | The total scores range from 0-100, and the higher scores mean better outcomes | Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| Total scores of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI) | The total scores range from 0-21, and the higher scores mean worse outcomes | Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| Total scores of Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7(GAD-7) | The total scores range from 0-21, and the higher scores mean worse outcomes | Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| Total scores of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items(PHQ-9) | The total scores range from 0-27 , and the higher scores mean worse outcomes | Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| Total scores of Neck Disability Index(NDI) | The total scores range from 0-100%, and the higher scores mean worse outcomes | Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| Sit and reach test(cm) | Motor system function: sit and reach test | Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| TNF-α(pg/mL) | Inflammatory indicator:tumor necrosis factor-α | Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| FMD(%) | Endothelial function indicator:flow mediated dilatation | Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| NO(μmol/mL) | Endothelial function indicator:nitric oxides | Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| PG(pg/mL) | Endothelial function indicator:prostaglandin | Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| cfPWV(m/s) | Atherosclerosis:carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity | Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| Whole genome gene expression profiling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells | Immunological indicator | Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| Thymic volume(cm^3) | Immunological indicator | Baseline,52 week |
| BMI(kg/m^2) | Anthropometric indicator:Body mass index | Baseline,12 week,52 week |
| Waist circumference(cm) | Anthropometric indicator | Baseline,12 week,52 week |