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An alternate perioperative pain control protocol composed of intravenous ketorolac and oral acetaminophen for patients who underwent total knee replacement was designed with the aim to determine its efficacy when compared to pain control with intravenous morphine and oral oxycodone combined with acetaminophen. In addition, the study will evaluate the differences and similarities in the Hispanic population that could predict protocol efficacy.
Acute pain after a surgical procedure may occur secondary to trauma from the procedure itself or from procedure-related complications. Appropriate peri-operative acute pain management is an important phase of patient's recovery since it's under-treatment can lead to adverse outcomes such as: thromboembolic and pulmonary complications, additional time spent in an intensive care unit or hospital, hospital readmission for further pain management, needless suffering, impairment of health-related quality of life, and development of chronic pain. Furthermore, it's over-treatment with opioid medications is associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic, infectious and gastrointestinal complications as well as increased length of hospital stay, cost of care and risk of opioid addiction.
Perioperative administration of intravenous (IV) non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), such as ketorolac, has been shown to effectively decrease opioid requirements and pain levels while demonstrating tolerable side effects. Its use after total knee replacement has been associated with a 27% decrease in the use of morphine. When NSAID is combined with acetaminophen 1000mg every six hours, an additional benefit in terms of improved pain scores on post-operative day three was shown in patients who underwent total hip or knee arthroplasty. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide an effective alternative for pain management in Hispanic patients who underwent total knee replacement and evaluate the role of ketorolac and acetaminophen.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Opioid Sparing Multimodal Regimen | Experimental | After surgery, the experimental group will receive a combination of ketorolac 30 mg intravenous (IV) every six hours for patients younger than 65 years old or ketorolac 15mg IV every six hours for those older than 65 years old; and acetaminophen 1 gram by mouth (PO) every six hours up to 72 hours |
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| Opioid Based Multimodal Regimen | Experimental | After surgery, the control group will receive a combination of morphine 0.1 mg/kg IV every six hours and oxycodone combined with acetaminophen (2.5 mg / 325 mg) two tabs PO every six hours up to 72 hours |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opioid based protocol | Drug | Use of combination of drug dosage frequency and duration of morphine injection with percocet oral as standard postoperative pain control for up to 72 hours as requested by each patient |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain scores using numerical rating scale (NRS, 0 to 10) | The amount of pain intensity reported will be measure throughout the numerical rating scale. Each patient will rate their pain intensity on a scale from 0 to 10, where zero represents "no pain," whereas 10 represents the "most intense pain" (e.g., "the most intense pain imaginable," "the maximum pain intensity as it could be"); during the 12 hours postoperative period | Post-operative 12 hours after surgery |
| Pain scores using numerical rating scale (NRS, 0 to 10) | The amount of pain intensity reported will be measure throughout the numerical rating scale. Each patient will rate their pain intensity on a scale from 0 to 10, where zero represents "no pain," whereas 10 represents the "most intense pain" (e.g., "the most intense pain imaginable," "the maximum pain intensity as it could be"); during the 24 hours postoperative period | Post-operative 24 hours after surgery |
| Pain scores using numerical rating scale (NRS, 0 to 10) | The amount of pain intensity reported will be measure throughout the numerical rating scale. Each patient will rate their pain intensity on a scale from 0 to 10, where zero represents "no pain," whereas 10 represents the "most intense pain" (e.g., "the most intense pain imaginable," "the maximum pain intensity as it could be"); during the 48 hours postoperative period | Post-operative 48 hours after surgery |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Hospital Length of Stay | The number of days per patient from the time of admission to discharge up to 30 days | up to 30 days |
| Drug-related adverse events | nausea, dizziness, vomit, tachycardia, pruritus and headache |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Antonio Otero-Lopez, MD | Orthopaedic Surgery Section, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, Puerto Rico | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, Ortopaedic Surgery Department | San Juan | 00936 | Puerto Rico |
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| Opioid sparing protocol | Drug | Use of combination of drug dosage frequency and duration of ketorolac injection with acetaminophen oral as standard postoperative pain control for up to 72 hours as requested by each patient |
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| From the time of surgery after being discharge (0 to 72 hours after surgery) |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010146 | Pain |
| D010149 | Pain, Postoperative |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D011183 | Postoperative Complications |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009020 | Morphine |
| C514822 | oxycodone-acetaminophen |
| D020910 | Ketorolac |
| D000082 | Acetaminophen |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009022 | Morphine Derivatives |
| D009019 | Morphinans |
| D053610 | Opiate Alkaloids |
| D000470 | Alkaloids |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
| D006572 | Heterocyclic Compounds, Bridged-Ring |
| D006576 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings |
| D000072471 | Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring |
| D010616 | Phenanthrenes |
| D011084 | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
| D011083 | Polycyclic Compounds |
| D007213 | Indomethacin |
| D007211 | Indoles |
| D006574 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring |
| D000083 | Acetanilides |
| D000813 | Anilides |
| D000577 | Amides |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D000814 | Aniline Compounds |
| D000588 | Amines |
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