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The purpose of this randomized controlled study will be to inestigate the relationship between recreational football training at various training volumes and the health responses of middle-aged participants at high risk for metabolic and / or cardiovascular disease.
A controlled, randomized, four-group, repeated-measures clinical trial will be apllied. Males and females middle-aged volunteers (age 40-60 years) will participate in the present study. The participants will not suffer from any musculoskeletal injuries that will limit their ability to perform the exercise protocols.
The study will be consisted of the following stages:
All participants will be randomly assigned to the following four groups:
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Experimental | No intervention. Participated only in measurements at baseline and at 6 months. |
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| FIM-1 | Experimental | Participated in a supervised 6 months football training program once per week and in measurements at baseline and at 6 months. |
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| FIM-2 | Experimental | Participated in a supervised 6 months football training program twice per week and in measurements at baseline and at 6 months. |
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| FIM-3 | Experimental | Participated in a supervised 6 months football training program thrice per week and in measurements at baseline and at 6 months. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FIM-1 | Behavioral | A football group (12 participants/session) will participate in 60 minutes football training that will contain warm-up, football technical drills and exercises, fitness exercises and football game. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in body mass | Body mass (kg) wil be measured using a beam balance | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in Body mass index | Body mass index wil be calculated using the Quetelet's equation | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in Waist circumference | Waist circumference (cm) will be measured using a Gullick II tape | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in Hip circumference | Hip circumference (cm) will be measured using a Gullick II tape | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in Waist-to-hip ratio | Waist-to-hip ratio will be calculated by dividing the waist by the hip measurement | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in Body fat | Body fat (%) will be assessed by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in fat mass | Body fat (kg) will be assessed by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in fat-free mass | Fat-free mass (kg) will be assessed by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in exercise - induced caloric expenditure | Measure using portable indirect calorimetry system. Οxygen consumption will be collected during exercise session | At 6 months |
| Change in blood lactate concentration (BLa) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Additionaly the participants will have at least two of the following risk factors
Exclusion Criteria:
Participants will be excluded from the study if they:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ioannis G Fatouros, Prof | University of Thessaly | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University o Thessaly, School of Physical Education and Sports Science | Trikala | 42100 | Greece |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| C082335 | fim 1 |
| C082336 | fim 2 |
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| FIM-2 | Behavioral | A football group (12 participants/session) will participate in 60 minutes football training that will contain warm-up, football technical drills and exercises, fitness exercises and football game. |
|
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| FIM-3 | Behavioral | A football group (12 participants/session) will participate in 60 minutes football training that will contain warm-up, football technical drills and exercises, fitness exercises and football game. |
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| Control | Behavioral | No football training will be performed during 6 months period. Participation only in measurements at baseline and at 6 months. |
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| At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in resting metabolic rate (RMR) | RMR (kcal) will be measured using a portable open-circuit indirect calorimeter with a ventilated hood system | At baseline, at 6 months and 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours after |
| Change in maximal strength (1RM) | 1RM (kg) for the lower body will be measured bilaterally on a horizontal leg press, while 1RM (kg) for the upper body will be measured on a horizontal chest press | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) | VO2max (ml/kg/min) will be estimated using a low-risk submaximal treadmill walking test | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in dietary intake | Dietary intake (kcal) will be assessed using 7-day recalls | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in daily physical activity | Daily physical activity will be assessed accelerometry device | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in body mass content (BMC) | BMC (g) will be assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the total body, hip of non-dominant and dominant limb, spine and wrist | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in body mass density (BMD) | BMD (g) will be assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the total body, hip of non-dominant and dominant limb, spine and wrist | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in hip structural analysis | hip structural analysis will be assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the total body, hip of non-dominant and dominant limb, spine and wrist | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures | Resting SBP (mmHg) and DBP (mmHg) will be assessed by a manual sphygmomanometer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) | MAP (mmHg) will be calculated using the following equation : MAP = SBP + (DBP × DBP) / 3 | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in resting heart rate (RHR) | RHR will be measured by pulse palpation for 60 seconds | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in maximal heart rate (MaxHR) | MaxHR will be estimated using a low-risk submaximal treadmill walking test | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in functional capacity | Functional capacity will be assessed using a movement-based screening tool titled Functional Movement Screening (FMS). The FMS will be consisted of 7 movement tasks that will be scored from 0 to 3 points and the sum will create score ranging from 0 to 21 points (0 = pain with pattern regardless of quality, 1 = unable to perform pattern, 2 = able to perform pattern with compensation/imperfection, 3 = able to perform pattern as directed). | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in static balance | Static balance will be assessed using the Sharened Romberg test | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in knee, hip and ankle range of motion | Knee, hip and ankle range of motion will be assessed using manual goniometer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in functional mobility | Functional mobility (sec) will be assessed using Gait speed test | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in blood lipids | Total serum cholesterol (mmol/L), triglycerides (mmol/L), low density lipoprotein (mmol/L) will be measured with commercially availlable kits. | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in muscle endurance | Muscular endurance (repetitions until muscle failure) will be assessed using timed tests (60 sec) for the abdominal musculature, upper and lower body. The tests will include partial curl-up, push-up for males and modified push-up for females (kneeling position) respectively. | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in flexibility | Flexibility (cm) will be assessed using the modified sit-and-reach test | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change inTotal antioxidant capacity (TAC) | TAC will be will be measured with commercially available kits | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in Cortisol | Cortisol (nmol/L) will be measured with commercially available kits | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in insulin | Insulin (mlU/L) will be measured with commercially available kits | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in homeostatic model assessemnet for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | HOMA-IR will be measured with commercially available kits. ΗΟΜΑ score will be calculated using the equation HOMA-IR = fasting insulin (mIU/L) x fasting glucose (mg/dL) / 405. HOMA-IR score will be classified using the following range: normal insulin resistance < 3, moderate insulin resistance 3-5, severe insulin resistance > 5) | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1b) | IL-1b (pg/ml) will be measured with commercially available kits | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in Interleukin 6 (IL-6) | IL-6 (pg/ml) will be measured with commercially available kits | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in fasting blood glucose (FBG) | FBG (mg/dL) will be measured with commercially available kits | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in Protein Carbonyls (PC) concentration | PC (mg) will be measured in red blood cells with commercially available kits | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in glutathione (GSH) | GSH (nmol/L) will be measured in red blood cells with commercially available kits | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) | GSSG (nmol/L) will be measured in red blood cells with commercially available kits | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in Catalase (CAT) activity | CAT activity (units) will be measured in red blood cells with commercially available kits | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in C - reactive protein (CRP) | CRP (mg/L) will be measured with commercially available kits | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in Uric acid (UA) | UA concentration will be measured in plasma with commercially available kits | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in White blood cells (WBC) | White blood cells will be measured using an automatic blood analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in Granulocyte (GRA) | GRA concentration will be measured using an automatic blood analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in Hematocrit (HCT) | HCT concentration will be measured using an automatic blood analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in Hemoglobin (HGB) | HGB concentration will be measured using an automatic blood analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in red blood cells (RBC) | RBC concentration will be measured using an automatic blood analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in Lymphocytes (LYM) | LYM concentration will be measured using an automatic blood analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in Platelet (PLT) | PLT concentration will be measured using an automatic blood analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in monocytes (MON) | PLT concentration will be measured using an automatic blood analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in Cratine Kinase (CK) concentration | CK concentration will be measured with commercially available kits | At 6 months and 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours after |
| Change in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | HbA1c concentration will be measured with commercially available kits | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in isometric knee extensors peak torque | isometric knee extensors peak torque will be assessed on an isokinetic dynamometer | At baseline, at 6 months and 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours after |
| Change in isometric knee flexors peak torque | isometric knee flexors peak torque will be assessed on an isokinetic dynamometer | At baseline, at 6 months and 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours after |
| Change in eccentric knee extensors peak torque | eccentric knee extensors peak torque will be assessed on an isokinetic dynamometer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in eccentric knee flexors peak torque | eccentric knee flexors peak torque will be assessed on an isokinetic dynamometer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in concentric knee extensors peak torque | concentric knee extensors peak torque will be assessed on an isokinetic dynamometer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in concentric knee flexors peak torque | concentric knee flexors peak torque will be assessed on an isokinetic dynamometer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in counter movement jump height (CMJh) | CMJh (cm) will be assessed using a force platform with each foot parallel on platform | At baseline, at 6 months and 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours after |
| Change in counter movement jump flight time (CMJf) | CMJf (ms) will be assessed using a force platform with each foot parallel on platform | At baseline, at 6 months and 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours after |
| Change in counter movement jump power (CMJp) | CMJp (w/kg) will be assessed using a force platform with each foot parallel on platform | At baseline, at 6 months and 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours after |
| Change in sprint time of 10m | Sprint time (sec) will be assessed over a 10 m distance ising light cells | At baseline, at 6 months and 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours after |
| Change in sprint time of 30m | Sprint time (sec) will be assessed over a 30 m distance ising light cells | At baseline, at 6 months and 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours after |
| Change in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) | LVEDV (ml) will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) | LVESV (ml) will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in left ventricular stroke volume (LVSV) | LVSV (ml) will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in interventicular septum and systole (IVSs) | IVSs will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in interventicular septum and diastole (IVSd) | IVSd will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) | LVEF (%) will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in left ventricular internal diameter and diastole (LVIDd) | LVIDd (mm) will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in left ventricular internal diameter and systole (LVIDs) | LVIDs (mm) will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in left ventricular posterior wall end diastole (LVPWd) | LVPWd (mm) will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in left ventricular mass (LV mass) | LV mass (g) will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in left atrial (LA) diameter | LA diameter (mm) will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in aortic root | Aortic root (mm) will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in aortic valve velocity (AoV Vel) | AoV Vel (cm/s) will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in aortic valve pressure gradient (AoV PG) | AoV PG (mmHg) will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in right ventricular end diastole (RVD) | RVD (mm) will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in right ventricular end diastole 1 (RVD1) | RVD1 (mm) will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion of right ventricular functionality (TAPSE) | TAPSE (mm) will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in tricuspid annular systolic velocity (TV S') of Right ventricular functionality | TV S' (mm) will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) | PASP (mmHg) will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in left ventricular fractional shortenning (FS) | Fractional shortenning (%) will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in left ventricular Global Longitudinal strain (GLS) | GLS (%) will be measured using echocardiography | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in pshycological well - being | Psychological well - being will be assessed using The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) via 12 items | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change vitality | Vitality will be assessed using Subjective Vitality Scales (SVS) via 6 items. Each item is rated on a 6-point scale (1 = not at all true, 2 = not true, 3 = almost not true, 4 = almost true, 5 = true, 6 = very true). The total score ranges from 6 to 36 with a higher score indicating a better condition. | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in motivation | E xercise behavioral will be assessed using the behavioral regulation in (BREQ-2) via 19 items questionnaire. All the 19 items were positive scored, and it was rated on a five-point for each item from 0 (not true for me) to 4 (very true for me) to identify what the participants felt about exercise. | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in quality of life | Quality of life will be assessed using the physical and mental component subscales of the Greek 36-item Short-Form Healthy Survey (SF-36). The scores on both component subscales of the SF-36 will range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status while the minimal clinically important difference will be 2 points. | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in flow | Flow will be assessed using the Kurz Skala questionnaire. The Kurzskala consists 16 items which has to be answered on a seven-point rating scale from "does not apply" to "somewhat partially" to "applies". | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in depression | Depression will be assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), which is a self-administered instrument consisiting of 9 multiple choice questions scored from 0 to 3. Higher total scores indicate higher depression severity. | At baseline and at 6 months |
BLa (mmol/L) concentraton will be measured in a microphotometer with commerdially available kits. Blood samples will be collected pre, mid and post execise session (single bout) at 3 minute post exercise
| At 6 months |
| Change in Delay onset muscle soreness (DOMS) | DOMS will be assessed using a scale consisiting of 9 multiple choices scored from 1 to 10 | At baseline, at 6 months and 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours after |
| Change in training external load monitoring | Training external load monitoring will be assessed using GPS devise | At 6 months |
| Change in training internal load monitoring | Training internal load monitoring will be assessed using a pulse devises | At 6 months |
| Body Height | Height (cm) will be measured using stadiometer | At baseline |
| Electrocardiogram (ECG) | ECG will be recorded using the electrical heart signals by electrocardiogram device in order to examined the resting heart rate | At baseline |