To compare the safety/efficacy of the robotic-assisted lobectomy/segmentectomy (RAL/S) with the video-assisted lobectomy/segmentectomy (VAL/S) for lung resection.

Video-assisted lobectomy/segmentectomy (VAL/S) for lung resection is divided into uniport group and multiple- port group.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. good cardio- pulmonary function to tolerate surgery;
2. minimaly invasive surgery for lobectomy or segmentectomy or sleeve lobectomy;

Exclusion Criteria:

1. cardio- pulmonary function is not good enough to tolerate surgery;
2. huge tumor or extensive adhesion in thoracic cavity.