The purpose of this project is to determine if hyperinsulinemia attenuates sympathetic nervous system-mediated vasoconstriction in the human leg.

Inclusion Criteria:

• healthy adult men and women;
• 18-45 years of age;
• BMI 18-30 kg/m2;
• non-pregnant/non-breastfeeding;
• non-nicotine users;

Exclusion Criteria:

• taking any medications known to affect metabolic, respiratory, cardiovascular, and/or autonomic functions

Self-reported history of:

• hepatic, renal, pulmonary, cardiovascular, or neurological disease;
• stroke or neurovascular disease;
• bleeding/clotting disorders;
• sleep apnea or other sleep disorders;
• diabetes;
• smoking;
• history of alcoholism or substance abuse, excessive alcohol consumption;
• hypertension;
• active cancer;
• autoimmune disease;
• immunosuppressant therapy