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A visual impairment (VI) is often associated with reduced psychological wellbeing. Music can be used in a variety of ways to promote psychological wellbeing. Music intervention studies demonstrate that listening to music can provide a distraction from unpleasant thoughts/feelings. Hence, music may serve as a catalyst to improve mood and relieve feelings of depression, anxiety, and stress.
The purpose of this study is to investigate if it is feasible for people with acquired VI to self-deliver daily music listening (music alone or with mindful music listening instructions) for wellbeing, in participants homes, for four-weeks, and to collect data remotely on efficacy in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression and treatment fidelity.
Detailed Description:
As part of the study participants will be asked to:
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindful Music Listening | Experimental | Participants in the mindful music listening group, will receive personalised music playlists based on music tracks or albums or genres suggested by the participant in the pre-intervention survey. The playlist will be created on the streaming platform they are subscribed to. In addition to listening to their preferred music daily, they will be emailed a brief mindful music exercise to complete prior to listening to their preferred music playlist (weeks 1-4). The mindful music exercise will have spoken instructions, and focus on key element of mindfulness of paying attention to the present moment. For example, If participants were to notice any thoughts or sensations arising either during the brief exercise or during subsequent music listening, they are to allow them to pass and to gently bring their attention back to the exercise/music. |
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| Music Listening | Active Comparator | Participants in the music listening group will receive personalised playlists based on music tracks or albums or genres suggested by the participant in the pre-intervention survey. The playlist will be created on the streaming platform they are subscribed to. In contrast to the mindful-music condition, no specific listening instructions will be given to the music listening only condition. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindful Music Listening | Behavioral | Participants will be instructed to self-administer this intervention daily, five days a week, for four weeks, 20 to 60 minutes per day at any time that is convenient for them. During the intervention period, participants will be recommended to listen to music in a private setting that is quiet, where they will not be disturbed or distracted so they can fully focus on the music. Participants in the mindful listening group will be given specific instructions on how to listen and follow mindfulness. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Feasibility of the intervention | Feasibility of the intervention will be reported as the percentage of participants who enrol and complete the entire study. | At baseline to Week 5 (Pre to Post intervention) |
| Attrition rate of the intervention | The percentage of recruited participants dropped out from the study prematurely | Week 5 (Post Intervention) |
| To understand the reasons for attrition rate of the intervention | Qualitative methods will be utilised to identify reasons the recruited participants dropped out from the study prematurely via free text comment boxes on the evaluation survey and optional semi-structured interviews. | Week 5 (Post Intervention) |
| Acceptability of the intervention | Acceptability will be defined as participant's evaluation of the online intervention using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The acceptability of the intervention will be reported as the percentage of participants who evaluated the intervention and score it 5 being "acceptable" in contrast to 1 being "unacceptable" on a 5-point researcher devised Likert scale. Feedback on the overall intervention will be collated through free text comment boxes on the evaluation survey and optional semi-structured interviews. | Week 5 (Post Intervention) |
| Accessibility of the intervention | Accessibility will be defined as participant's evaluation of the online intervention using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The accessibility of the intervention will be reported as the percentage of participants who evaluated the intervention, and score it 5 being "very easy" in contrast to 1 being "very difficult" to use on a 5-point researcher devised Likert scale. To identify the accessibility barriers, free text comment boxes on the evaluation survey will be utilised and optional semi-structured interviews. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in Depression levels | Depression will be self-rated by participants using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). This is assessed on a scale 0-21, below 7 indicates normal levels, 8-10 means borderline abnormal and 11-21 infers abnormal levels of depression. | Baseline and Week 5 (Pre and Post Intervention) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
• Anyone who has a hearing impairment that renders the individual unable to listen to music or mindfulness instructions and follow a conversation on the telephone.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Nurbanu Somani, MSc MRes BSc | Anglia Ruskin University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences | Cambridge | CB1 1PT | United Kingdom |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28636409 | Background | Rafaely L, Carmel S, Bachner YG. Subjective well-being of visually impaired older adults living in the community. Aging Ment Health. 2018 Sep;22(9):1223-1231. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2017.1341469. Epub 2017 Jun 21. | |
| 17655930 | Background | Freeman EE, Munoz B, West SK, Jampel HD, Friedman DS. Glaucoma and quality of life: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation. Ophthalmology. 2008 Feb;115(2):233-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.04.050. Epub 2007 Jul 26. |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Jan 5, 2022 | Jan 20, 2022 | ICF_001.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014786 | Vision Disorders |
| D015354 | Vision, Low |
| D003863 | Depression |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012678 | Sensation Disorders |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D005128 | Eye Diseases |
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Feasibility and acceptability pre/post-test design
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The participants will be randomised into two groups, mindful music or music listening in a 1:1 ratio using a randomisation software (https://www.randomizer.org/) and block randomisation to ensure equal distribution of groups between age and number of years living with a visual impairment. The researchers who are managing and running the study will not be blinded to the assignment of the groups. The participants will not be blinded to their allocated group, as participants would clearly know if they listened to their own preferred music alone or with mindfulness instructions. However, the researchers will blind the participants from the study hypothesis and which listening group is the control condition to minimise risk of bias.
|
| Music Listening | Behavioral | Participants will be instructed to self-administer this intervention daily, five days a week, for four weeks, 20 to 60 minutes per day at any time that is convenient for them. During the intervention period, participants will be recommended to listen to music in a private setting that is quiet, where they will not be disturbed or distracted so they can fully focus on the music. No other specific music listening instructions will be given |
|
| Week 5 (Post Intervention) |
| Adherence to submission of a music listening diary log | Adherence to submission of the music listening diary log will be reported as the percentage of the participants who complete the diary log. | Daily (Week 1 to Week 4) |
| Treatment adherence at 4-weeks from baseline | Treatment adherence will be reported as the percentage of the participants who complete all aspects of the study, i.e. diary log submissions, all music exercises. | Week 1 to Week 5 (Pre intervention to Post Intervention) |
| To identify reasons for motivation or barriers to adherence | Qualitative methods will be utilised to identify reasons for motivation or barriers to adherence using free text comment boxes on the evaluation survey and optional semi-structured interviews. | Week 1 to Week 5 (Pre intervention to Post Intervention) |
| Changes in Anxiety levels |
Anxiety will be self-rated by participants using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). This is assessed on a scale 0-21, below 7 indicates normal levels, 8-10 means borderline abnormal and 11-21 infers abnormal levels of anxiety. |
| Baseline and Week 5 (Pre and Post Intervention) |
| Changes in Stress levels | Stress will be self-rated by participants using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14). This is assessed on a scale 0 to 40. Scores ranging from 0-13 would be considered low stress. Scores ranging from 14-26 would be considered moderate stress. Scores ranging from 27-40 would be considered high perceived stress. | Baseline and Week 5 (Pre and Post Intervention) |
| 12407148 | Background | Broman AT, Munoz B, Rodriguez J, Sanchez R, Quigley HA, Klein R, Snyder R, West SK. The impact of visual impairment and eye disease on vision-related quality of life in a Mexican-American population: proyecto VER. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002 Nov;43(11):3393-8. |
| 28057201 | Background | Matthews K, Nazroo J, Whillans J. The consequences of self-reported vision change in later-life: evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Public Health. 2017 Jan;142:7-14. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.09.034. Epub 2016 Nov 10. |
| 21402645 | Background | Brown RL, Barrett AE. Visual impairment and quality of life among older adults: an examination of explanations for the relationship. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2011 May;66(3):364-73. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbr015. Epub 2011 Mar 14. |
| 11994218 | Background | Rovner BW, Casten RJ. Activity loss and depression in age-related macular degeneration. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002 May-Jun;10(3):305-10. |
| 18497531 | Background | Mojon-Azzi SM, Sousa-Poza A, Mojon DS. Impact of low vision on well-being in 10 European countries. Ophthalmologica. 2008;222(3):205-12. doi: 10.1159/000126085. Epub 2008 May 22. |
| 31005495 | Background | Senra H, Macedo AF, Nunes N, Balaskas K, Aslam T, Costa E. Psychological and Psychosocial Interventions for Depression and Anxiety in Patients With Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2019 Aug;27(8):755-773. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2019.03.001. Epub 2019 Mar 7. |
| 23541122 | Background | Chanda ML, Levitin DJ. The neurochemistry of music. Trends Cogn Sci. 2013 Apr;17(4):179-93. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.02.007. |
| 21704068 | Background | Bernatzky G, Presch M, Anderson M, Panksepp J. Emotional foundations of music as a non-pharmacological pain management tool in modern medicine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011 Oct;35(9):1989-99. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.06.005. Epub 2011 Jun 16. |
| 26142566 | Background | Linnemann A, Ditzen B, Strahler J, Doerr JM, Nater UM. Music listening as a means of stress reduction in daily life. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015 Oct;60:82-90. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.06.008. Epub 2015 Jun 21. |
| 11573015 | Background | Blood AJ, Zatorre RJ. Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Sep 25;98(20):11818-23. doi: 10.1073/pnas.191355898. |
| 40071281 | Derived | Somani N, Street A, Beukes EW, Zhang J, Allen PM. Music listening for psychological well-being in adults with acquired vision impairment: a feasibility randomised controlled trial. Front Psychiatry. 2025 Feb 25;16:1505283. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1505283. eCollection 2025. |
| D012816 |
| Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |