The Control Group received no extra care.

Intervention Group, Intervention with follow-up, will have a multifactorial interventions to reduce physical restraint.

The experimental group underwent multifactorial interventions to reduce physical restraint, including developing routines for physical restraint, promoting institutional policies to reduce the use of physical restraint, developing alternative methods, education, and consultations.

The Knowledge of Restraints use scale . The Knowledge of Restraints use scale was used to assess the knowledge component. The scale consists of 20 items scored as 1 (true) or 0 (false or uncertainty). A higher score indicates more knowledge; total scores range from 0 to 20.

The Attitudes of Restraints use scale . The Attitudes of Restraints use scale was used to assess participants' attitudes about restraint use. The scale is a 15 items with a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all agree) to 5 (most agree); the range of total scores is from 15 to 75. Higher scores indicate more negative attitudes about physical restraint use.

The Behavior of restraints use scale . The Behavior of restraints use scale was used to assess care providers' behavior about restraint use. The scale consists of 13 items scored as 1 (yes) or 0 (no); the range of total scores is from 0 to 13. The higher the score, the better the behavior.

the percentage of physical restraint use

The percentage of restraint types use. The restraint types including device (wrist belt, waist belt, ankle belt, vest in wheel chair, belt in wheel chair, wheel chair with a table board, hand mitts, special sheet etc), area (trunk, waist, ankle, wrist), belt in bed, belt in wheel chair, day time, night, whole day.