Intense exercise can bring about various side effects to one's body. Less range of motion, increased pain sensitivity, increased muscle swelling, and decreased muscle strength can occur immediately after exercise. These side effects can be referred to exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD) and can sometimes last many days. This study's goal is to evaluate the effects of various protein supplements on EIMD symptoms as well as on blood vessel health during the recovery period after muscle damaging exercise.

Eccentric exercise can result in exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD), which can cause an abundance of ultrastructural muscular disruption and pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant activity in the body, leading to an impairment of muscular force production and range of motion, along with elevated pain sensitivity, increased swelling, and arterial stiffness. Pasture-raised dairy products, obtained from strictly grass-fed cows, have been shown to possess more anti-inflammatory-, antioxidant-, and antihypertensive-like biochemicals compared with conventional products (i.e., with a different nutrient composition from a diet rich in grains versus grasses). However, human research trials on these products, such as whey protein concentrate (WPC), are neglected. This study addresses this gap, with a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial that compares the effect of conventional WPC versus WPC supplementation reported to be derived from pasture-raised cows on vascular function and indirect markers of muscle damage and inflammation in response to eccentric EIMD in healthy, young, resistance-trained women and men. Thirty resistance-trained individuals will complete an intense EIMD bout consisting of eccentric barbell back squats and then will be assessed 24, 48, and 72 hours post-EIMD for muscle soreness, range of motion, maximal isometric voluntary contraction, peripheral fatigue via magnetic stimulation, countermovement jump, barbell back squat velocity, and vascular function (i.e., arterial stiffness via carotid femoral pulse wave velocity). Subjects will be grouped into a conventional WPC, pasture-raised WPC, and placebo supplementation group and consume their respective supplementation thrice daily immediately post-EIMD until the study's completion.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Men and women 18-40 years old
• ≥3 months uninterrupted training of ≥3 days/week of resistance training
• Self-reported to be healthy

Exclusion Criteria:

• Not within defined age range
• History of allergy to dairy products
• History of experiencing pain while exercising in the lower extremities (i.e., hips/knees)
• Current use of anti-inflammatory/anti-pain medication (i.e., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Tylenol, Advil, or Aleve
• Are pregnant or could possibly be pregnant by self-report
• People who answer 'yes' to any of the pre-participation screening questions on the PAR-Q questionnaire.

All IPD that underlie results in a publication

6 months after publication

Data obtained through this study may be provided to qualified researchers with academic interest in muscle damage. Data or samples shared will be coded, with no PHI included. Approval of the request and execution of all applicable agreements are prerequisites to the sharing of data with the requesting party.