With increased availability and use of cannabis by older adults aged ≥ 50 years, a rigorous evaluation of the benefits and risks of cannabis use in these individuals is necessary. Our proposed project will investigate whether older adults who initiate cannabis use after the age of 50 are at an increased risk of fall and what are the underlying mechanisms. We will measure motor and cognitive function in older cannabis users and nonusers and we will use positron emission tomography to determine brain activity and how it is associated with fall risk.

The prevalence of cannabis use has increased significantly in recent years among US adults aged 50 years and older. With increased availability and use of cannabis by older adults, a rigorous evaluation of the benefits and risks of cannabis use in these individuals is necessary. Aging is characterized by physiological and social changes that make older adults vulnerable to chronic disease and geriatric conditions, including cognitive impairment and falls. Unintentional falls are a common event for older adults and a major cause of morbidity and mortality linked with a decline in functional status and disability. Moreover, falls and cognitive impairment are a "well-known couple"; as older adults with moderate to severe cognitive impairment have a higher risk of falls, with an annual incidence of around 60-80%, which is twice the rate of cognitively normal older adults. Impaired cognitive function is an effect of cannabis use, and there is increasing evidence that those effects may persist later in life. Therefore, the physiological effects of chronic cannabis use may further increase falls in older adults via alterations in gait and cognition. Studies have shown reduced neural activity in the frontal brain networks and associations with increased fear of falling in older adults. It is also known that in regular cannabis users, the effects of cannabis may have an impact on cognitive-motor skills and brain mechanisms that modulate coordinated movement. The goal of this application is to investigate the neural correlates of fall risk and cognitive and motor function in individuals who initiate drug use after the age of 50. We will use FDG-PET to determine brain activity. Fall risk and cognitive/motor function will be assessed with the measures from the NIH Toolbox and a fall risk model. Our central hypothesis is that older chronic cannabis users are at a higher fall risk than older non-users, which is associated with reduced cerebral FDG uptake. These results are expected to provide critical and timely data to the public and health professionals regarding the effects of self-directed cannabis use on increased fall risk and if clinicians need to assess cannabis use when determining fall risk and deciding prevention strategies.

Inclusion Criteria:

• 50-80 years
• Healthy enough to complete the protocol based on information obtained from a clinical exam and past medical history, such as cardiovascular diseases.
• Comprehension of the protocol as indicated by an ability to respond to questions about the study after reading the consent form.
• Able to use and be contacted by telephone.
• Able to speak, read, and understand English, and complete a questionnaire in English

Exclusion Criteria:

• Presence of pacemakers, aneurysm clips, artificial heart valves, metallic prostheses
• Pregnancy
• History of significant traumatic brain injury
• Unable to lie flat for the study imaging

A total of 30 older (age 50-80 years) men and women who are using cannabis and 30 controls who are non-users, will be recruited.