HFpEF has gradually become the most common form of heart failure. Studies have found that metabolic abnormalities and chronic inflammation ultimately lead to HFpEF by promoting heart remodeling. However, there are few relevant studies and the mechanism is still unclear.

However, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is difficult to diagnose and treat due to its unknown pathogenesis and poor prognosis. Ventricular diastolic dysfunction and retention of left ventricular ejection fraction are important pathological features of Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Currently, it is widely believed to be a clinical syndrome associated with old age, women, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, etc. However, the specific mechanism of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction caused by the above-mentioned complications is unknown. In conclusion, the investigators intend to explore the pathogenesis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction by observing the changes of heart and body metabolism in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and provide a basis for the diagnosis and treatment.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adult aged ≥ 18 years old
• Patients diagnosed with HFpEF;

Diagnostic criteria including:

1. LVEF 50% or higher;
2. BNP≥35 pg/mL and/or NTproBNP≥125 pg/mL;
3. Presence of symptoms and/or signs of heart failure;
4. At least one additional criteria: relevant structure heart disease or diastolic dysfunction

Exclusion Criteria:

• Severe liver failure;
• Other causes of shortness of breath, such as severe pulmonary disease or severe ● chronic obstructive pulmonary disease;
• Primary pulmonary hypertension.
• Severe left valvular heart disease.
• Long-term bedridden or unable to move autonomously
• Age < 18

Heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)