Our findings are expected to provide real-world evidence of the renal-adverse effects of colchicine and NSAIDs combination therapy in patients with gout, which will guide healthcare professions in optimizing gout treatment regimens and evaluating risks of renal impairment.

Background: Gout is a common prevalent disease, which causes a low quality of life and poses a significant health burden nationally and internationally. Colchicine and Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) are the mainstay treatment of gout. Concurrent use of colchicine and NSAIDs are more than half in all prescriptions of the gout patients. Both colchicine and NSAIDs may cause renal impairment. However, the empirical evidence of renal impairment of colchicine and NSAIDs combination therapy is limited and even absent.

Objectives: This proposal will assess the association between colchicine and NSAIDs combination therapy and acute kidney injury. The investigators further evaluate the relationships of duration-response, recency-response, and dose-response.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Clinical diagnosis of a gout diagnosis
• Initially receiving at least one anti-gout drug

Exclusion Criteria:

• <1 year of continuous health insurance enrollment
• Colchicine and NSAID use before the cohort entry date
• Patients with hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis before the cohort entry date
• Patients with acute kidney injury before the cohort entry date

Patients diagnosed with gout and initiating anti-gout drug