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Ethnic discrimination is a prevalent problem in the European Union and other regions. In view of the significant negative impacts of discrimination on mental and physical health, it is of high relevance to counteract these negative effects and provide appropriate interventions. This study aims to investigate the feasibility and the effectiveness of a mobile-based intervention, delivering self-selected relaxing music to buffer biological (salivary cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase) and psychological (perceived stress, perceived ethnic discrimination) stress reactions in moments of acute stress and perceived ethnic discrimination in the everyday life of Turkish immigrant women (N=20, age range 18-65 years). An intra-individually randomized design will be used, i.e., participants will be instructed on a random basis to either listen to music (intervention event) or not (control event). The whole study period consists of 35 days with a baseline period (week 1), intervention period (week 2-4), and post period (week 5). To investigate the feasibility of the intervention, post-monitoring interviews will be conducted after the end of the whole study period.
The experience of unfair treatment because of one's own ethnicity, i.e., ethnic discrimination, constitutes a complex stressor which triggers both physical and psychological stress reactions. In this regard, women may constitute a particularly vulnerable group, as they may be confronted with intersectional stigmata, i.e., both ethnicity-related and gender-related stigmata. Considering the resulting health impairments many people with migration background are confronted with, it is of great importance to provide interventions with the potential to minimize those negative consequences. Recognizing this necessity, an ecological momentary music intervention was developed in order to reduce psychological and biological (cortisol, alpha-amylase) stress levels due to perceived ethnic discrimination in everyday life. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility and the effectiveness of this mobile-based intervention.
It is hypothesized that listening to music after an event of acute stress and/or ethnic discrimination will result in stronger decreases in psychological (perceived stress, perceived ethnic discrimination), and biological (cortisol, alpha-amylase) stress levels compared to no music listening in everyday life (immediate effect). Further, it is expected that a decrease in diurnal psychological and biological stress levels will be observed throughout the study period (intermediate effect) and that participants will start to consume or increase their deliberate consumption of music after an event of acute stress and/or ethnic discrimination in their everyday life after the intervention (behavior change). In addition, it is hypothesized that the feasibility of the intervention will be confirmed by participants' self-reports of high usefulness of and satisfaction with the intervention as well as by a high usage rate.
The study design is as follows: Baseline period (week 1), intervention period (week 2 to 4), post period (week 5).
During the baseline and post period, psychological and biological stress fluctuations and perceived ethnic discrimination in daily life will be assessed. To this end, participants will be signaled three times a day (9:00 am, 2:00 pm, 7:00 pm) in order to answer questions on their momentary levels of stress, perceived discrimination, positive and negative affect, and their music-listening activities (time-contingent data entries). Additionally, whenever a stressful or discriminatory event occurs, participants are instructed to initiate a data entry by themselves in order to report their momentary levels of stress, perceived discrimination, positive and negative affect, and to answer questions on the current situation. To investigate activities after such self-initiated, event-contingent data entries, the app will signal the participants 20 (post 1) and 35 minutes (post 2) later for an additional data entry. As part of every time-contingent and event-contingent report, participants will provide a saliva sample in order to examine biological stress markers: salivary cortisol levels as index of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) activity, salivary alpha-amylase as index of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity.
A daily diary assessment will be conducted every evening at the same time. In this diary, participants will be asked about their current perceived stress, perceived discrimination, positive and negative affect, fatigue, coping strategies. Additionally, they will be asked whether discriminatory events had happened over the course of the day and if so, to describe the event(s). For this data entry, no saliva sample will be collected.
During the Intervention period (week 2 to 4), the sampling protocol will be the same as in baseline and post period (i.e., time-contingent data entries, daily diary assessment, self-initiated event-contingent data entries, post 1, post 2). Additionally, after every self-initiated event-contingent report, participants will be randomly assigned (50:50) to either the intervention event (listening to music for 20 minutes) or the control event (no music listening, continue the activity before the data entry). This approach constitutes an intra-individually randomized design.
To investigate the feasibility of the intervention, qualitative data from post-monitoring interviews will be gathered at the end of the study period.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Music listening vs. No music listening | Experimental | Random assignment (50:50) of every participant to one of the following two conditions: Music listening after a stressful/discriminatory event (i.e., intervention condition) or no music listening after a stressful/discriminatory event (i.e., control condition). |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| self-selected relaxing music | Behavioral | 20 minutes music listening |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Participants' self-reports on the integrability of the study into the daily life | 6 open-ended questions of semi-structured interviews on the integrability of the study into the daily life of the participants | after 5 weeks |
| Participants' self-reports on the perceived effectiveness of the intervention | 5 open-ended questions of semi-structured interviews on the perceived effectiveness of the intervention | after 5 weeks |
| Perceived burden regarding the intervention | 10 items of a self-developed questionnaire on perceived burden regarding the intervention (5-point Likert Scales, higher scores indicate greater levels of perceived burden) | after 5 weeks |
| Satisfaction with the intervention | Combination of the following 10 items to measure participants' satisfaction with the intervention:
| after 5 weeks |
| Usage Rate of the App | Timestamped log-data of the app to determine usage rate by the participants (higher usage rate indicates a greater feasibility of the intervention) | Across the 5-week study period |
| Change in Subjective Stress Experience | Momentary stress level: visual analogue scales (VAS; 0-100, higher scores indicate a greater level of momentary stress) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in participants' behavior regarding music listening | Occurrence of music listening after a stressful/discriminatory event (greater occurrence of music-listening indicates a better outcome) | change from baseline period (week 1) to post period (week 5) |
| Change in positive and negative affect |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ricarda Nater-Mewes, Dr. Dr. | University of Vienna | Principal Investigator |
| Urs Nater, PhD | University of Vienna | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Vienna | Vienna | 1010 | Austria |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013315 | Stress, Psychological |
| D063505 | Racism |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D011287 | Prejudice |
| D012919 | Social Behavior |
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Intra-individually randomized design: Random assignment (50:50) to either the intervention condition or the control condition
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| from baseline period (week 1) to post period (week 5); during the course of the intervention: T0: directly after a stressful/discriminatory event, T1: after 20 minutes music listening/ not music listening; T2: 15 minutes after T1 |
| Change in Short-Term Neuroendocrine Stress: Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis | Biological Marker: Salivary Cortisol | from baseline period (week 1) to post period (week 5); during the course of the intervention: T0: directly after a stressful/discriminatory event, T1: after 20 minutes music listening/ not music listening; T2: 15 minutes after T1 |
| Change in Short-Term Neuroendocrine Stress: Autonomic Nervous System | Biological Marker: Salivary Alpha-Amylase | from baseline period (week 1) to post period (week 5); during the course of the intervention: T0: directly after a stressful/discriminatory event, T1: after 20 minutes music listening/ not music listening; T2: 15 minutes after T1 |
PANAS (Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale) is a self-report questionnaire that consists of two scales to measure positive affect and negative affect, each scale consists of 10 items (5-point Likert Scales, for every scale higher scores indicate greater positive/negative affect) |
| every evening in the daily diary assessment for 35 days |
| Change in fatigue | 5 items (one of each scale) of the MFI (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory), a self-report questionnaire consisting of 20 items that are assigned to 5 scales: general fatigue, physical fatigue, mental fatigue, reduced activity, and reduced motivation (5-point Likert Scales, higher scores on each subscale indicate greater levels of each subscale-specific type of fatigue) | every evening in the daily diary assessment for 35 days |
| Change in coping behavior | 5 items of the Brief-COPE (Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced), a self-report questionnaire that consists of 28 items to measure effective and ineffective ways of coping with stressful life events; one item of each subscale: active coping, use of emotional support, use of instrumental support, venting, religion; 5-point Likert-Scales with higher scores for each subscale indicating a greater level of the subscale-specific coping behavior) | every evening in the daily diary assessment for 35 days |
| Change in avoidance behavior regarding discriminatory events | Combination of the following 4 items to measure change in avoidance behavior:
| every evening in the daily diary assessment for 35 days |
| Change in anticipation of discriminatory events | 3 items of the Racism-related Vigilance Scale, a 6-item scale to measure heightened vigilance regarding discriminatory events (5-point Likert-Scales with higher scores indicating greater levels of anticipation of discriminatory events) | every evening in the daily diary assessment for 35 days |
| D063508 |
| Social Discrimination |