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Patients with COPD and MCI received either inspiratory muscle training or inspiratory plus expiratory muscle training and compared the therapeutic effects
Patients with COPD and MCI were recruited, and were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group consisted of EMT and IMT for a total of 8 weeks, while the control group received IMT only. Outcomes measured and compared in this cohort were diaphragmatic thickness fraction and excursion examined by ultrasound, the dyspnea score of modified Medical Research Council (mMRC), the cognitive score of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the score of COPD Assessment Test (CAT). In addition, the pulmonary function test, the cardiopulmonary exercise test, and the physiology performance of six minute walking test were also obtained. We also analyzed the difference of each parameters before and after training in each patient.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inpiratory and expiratory muscle training | Experimental | The initial intensity of training was set on 30% of the MIP and MEP for inspiratory and expiratory muscle training, respectively. The intensity was adjusted to add 5% of resistance each week |
|
| Inspiratory muscle training | Active Comparator | The initial resistance of the breathing trainer was also set on 30% of MIP, and the following adjustments were also in accordance to the protocol of the experimental group |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Respiratory muscle training | Behavioral | Inspiratory and expiratory muscle training were performed using a breathing trainer (Dofin DT11/14, Galemed Co. Ltd, Taiwan) for 30 minutes a day with a total of eight weeks. Before the training, the MIP and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) were documented by the best performance of three trials with a digital pressure gauge (GB60, Jitto International Co. Ltd, Taiwan) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| MMSE | Mini-Mental State Examination | 8 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Diaphragmatic thickness fraction | Diaphragmatic thickness fraction on ultrasonography | 8 weeks |
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test (CAT) | questionnaire of dyspnea |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Yuan-Yang Cheng | Taichung Veterans General Hospital | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taichung Veterans General Hospital | Taichung | 407 | Taiwan |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D029424 | Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive |
| D060825 | Cognitive Dysfunction |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008173 | Lung Diseases, Obstructive |
| D008171 | Lung Diseases |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
| D002908 | Chronic Disease |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001945 | Breathing Exercises |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D026441 | Mind-Body Therapies |
| D000529 | Complementary Therapies |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D026241 | Exercise Movement Techniques |
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|
| 8 weeks |
| diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) | diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) in pulmonary function test | 8 weeks |
| dead space fraction (Vd/Vt) | dead space fraction (Vd/Vt) in cardiopulmonary function test | 8 weeks |
| the distance walked in 6 minutes | the distance walked in 6 minutes | 8 weeks |
| Diaphragmatic excursion | Diaphragmatic excursion on ultrasonography | 8 weeks |
| forced vital capacity | forced vital capacity tested in pulmonary function test | 8 weeks |
| forced expiratory volume in 1 second | forced expiratory volume in 1 second in pulmonary function test | 8 weeks |
| forced expiratory volume in 1 second divided by forced vital capacity | forced expiratory volume in 1 second divided by forced vital capacity in pulmonary function test | 8 weeks |
| DLCO divided by alveolar volume (VA) | DLCO divided by alveolar volume (VA) in pulmonary function test | 8 weeks |
| modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) | questionnaire of dyspnea | 8 weeks |
| minute ventilation to carbon dioxide output (VE/VCO2) slope | minute ventilation to carbon dioxide output (VE/VCO2) slope in cardiopulmonary function test | 8 weeks |
| the change of oxygen saturation in 6 minutes walking test | the change of oxygen saturation in 6 minutes walking test | 8 weeks |
| the change of Borg scale in 6 minutes walking test | the change of Borg scale in 6 minutes walking test | 8 weeks |
| D020969 |
| Disease Attributes |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D003072 | Cognition Disorders |
| D019965 | Neurocognitive Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D026741 |
| Physical Therapy Modalities |