Efficacy of Preventive Ketamine on Postoperative Pain

Efficacy of Preventive Ketamine on Postoperative Pain: A Randomized, Double-blind Trial of Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

• Although bariatric surgery is mainly performed laparoscopically, analgesic optimization is still essential to reduce complications and to improve the patients' comfort. In laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, the intraoperative peritoneal instillation of bupivacaine hydrochloride (30 ml, 0.25%) was known to be safe and effective in reducing postoperative pain, nausea, and vomiting.
• Furthermore, usage of ketamine both as a pre and post-operative pain management is well established. Ketamine can be used solely or in combination with other co-adjuvant drugs, increasing their efficacy. Many therapeutic properties of ketamine have been attributed to its antagonism mechanism to N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors.

Inclusion Criteria:

• - Body mass index > 35 and < 60 kg/m2
• Either medically free or with well controlled hypertension and/or diabetes.

Exclusion Criteria:

• - Patient's refusal to participate in the study
• BMI > 60 kg/m2.
• Age less than 21 years.
• Patients with severe systemic disease which is not life-threatening.
• Patients on antipsychotics, antidepressants and/or corticosteroids.
• Patients with history of obstructive sleep apnea.
• Allergic reaction to any of the study medications.