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During this project the effect of different types of sourdough breads consumption on satiety, energy intake at subsequent meal and postprandial metabolic responses, will be investigated.
A 3-phase randomised cross-over trial will be applied consisting of 3 intervention periods of 2 weeks, with a test day performed at the last day of each intervention period. During each intervention period, participants will consume a fixed amount of test bread, replacing their regular bread, and they will keep food and stool diaries preceding each Test-day. Faecal samples will be collected before each Test-day. On the Test-day, participants will perform a gastric emptying breath test. Furthermore, blood samples and appetite ratings will be collected at regular time points after consumption of the test bread for measurement of glucose, insulin, gut peptides, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and blood lipids. Food intake will be assessed by offering the subjects a standard lunch to be consumed ad-libitum.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wholemeal bread | Active Comparator | Treatment with wholemeal bread |
|
| Sourdough bread | Active Comparator | Treatment with sourdough bread |
|
| Bread with sourdough | Active Comparator | Treatment with bread with sourdough |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wholemeal bread | Dietary Supplement | 180g wholemeal bread/day + fixed portion at test day |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Appetite measurements | Appetite in response to test meal, will be measured using 100 millimeter (mm) Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225, 240 minutes). | During test day 1 (up to 4 hours) |
| Appetite measurements | Appetite in response to test meal, will be measured using 100 millimeter (mm) Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225, 240 minutes). | During test day 2 (up to 4 hours) |
| Appetite measurements | Appetite in response to test meal, will be measured using 100 millimeter (mm) Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225, 240 minutes). | During test day 3 (up to 4 hours) |
| Food intake at subsequent meal | Weighted amounts of ad-libitum food offered minus the weighted leftovers | During test day 1 (240 minutes after ingestion of breakfast) |
| Food intake at subsequent meal | Weighted amounts of ad-libitum food offered minus the weighted leftovers | During test day 2 (240 minutes after ingestion of breakfast) |
| Food intake at subsequent meal | Weighted amounts of ad-libitum food offered minus the weighted leftovers |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Oral processing behaviour | Participants will be video-recorded to measure oral processing behaviour of the test meal | During test day 1 (up to 15 minutes) |
| Oral processing behaviour | Participants will be video-recorded to measure oral processing behaviour of the test meal |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Kristin Verbeke, Prof. | KU Leuven | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KU Leuven/ UZ Leuven | Leuven | Vlaams-Brabant | 3000 | Belgium |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 40774378 | Derived | Chatonidi G, Rosseel R, Dalile B, Satriawan D, Vandermeulen G, Van Holm B, Comer L, Maes P, Everaert N, Courtin CM, Verbeke K. Effect of whole meal yeast-leavened, sourdough-leavened and yeast-sourdough-leavened bread consumption on appetite, energy intake, and postprandial metabolic responses: A randomized, blinded, cross-over study. Appetite. 2026 Jan 1;216:108256. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2025.108256. Epub 2025 Aug 5. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001939 | Bread |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005502 | Food |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
| D019602 | Food and Beverages |
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| Sourdough bread | Dietary Supplement | 180g sourdough bread/day + fixed portion at test day |
|
| Bread with sourdough | Dietary Supplement | 180g bread with sourdough/day + fixed portion at test day |
|
| During test day 3 (240 minutes after ingestion of breakfast) |
| During test day 2 (up to 15 minutes) |
| Oral processing behaviour | Participants will be video-recorded to measure oral processing behaviour of the test meal | During test day 3 (up to 15 minutes) |
| Blood lipids | Plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL cholesterol, colourimetrically | During test day 1 |
| Blood lipids | Plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL cholesterol, colourimetrically | During test day 2 |
| Blood lipids | Plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL cholesterol, colourimetrically | During test day 3 |
| Glucose response | Blood glucose response will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes) | During test day 1 (up to 4 hours) |
| Glucose response | Blood glucose response will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes) | During test day 2 (up to 4 hours) |
| Glucose response | Blood glucose response will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes) | During test day 3 (up to 4 hours) |
| Insulin response | Blood C-peptide (as indicator of insulin response) will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes). | During test day 1 (up to 4 hours) |
| Insulin response | Blood C-peptide (as indicator of insulin response) will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes). | During test day 2 (up to 4 hours) |
| Insulin response | Blood C-peptide (as indicator of insulin response) will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes). | During test day 3 (up to 4 hours) |
| Incretin hormones | Incretin hormones (GLP-1 and PYY) will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes). | During test day 1 (up to 4 hours) |
| Incretin hormones | Incretin hormones (GLP-1 and PYY) will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes). | During test day 2 (up to 4 hours) |
| Incretin hormones | Incretin hormones (GLP-1 and PYY) will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes). | During test day 3 (up to 4 hours) |
| Short-chain-fatty-acids | Short-chain-fatty-acids will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360, 390, 420, 450, 480 minutes). | During test day 1 (up to 8 hours) |
| Short-chain-fatty-acids | Short-chain-fatty-acids will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360, 390, 420, 450, 480 minutes). | During test day 2 (up to 8 hours) |
| Short-chain-fatty-acids | Short-chain-fatty-acids will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360, 390, 420, 450, 480 minutes). | During test day 3 (up to 8 hours) |
| Short-chain-fatty-acids | Faecal (GC-FID) | 1 time after intervention with each bread type (totally 3 times over a period of 10 weeks) |
| Gastric emptying rate | Gastric emptying rate will be measured through 13C-octanoic acid breath samples collected before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225, 240 minutes). | During test day 1 (up to 4 hours) |
| Gastric emptying rate | Gastric emptying rate will be measured through 13C-octanoic acid breath samples collected before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225, 240 minutes). | During test day 2 (up to 4 hours) |
| Gastric emptying rate | Gastric emptying rate will be measured through 13C-octanoic acid breath samples collected before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225, 240 minutes). | During test day 3 (up to 4 hours) |
| Free-living energy intake | 4-day food diaries, mobile app | 4 days during intervention with each bread type (totally 3x4 days over a period of 10 weeks) |
| Stool shape and consistency | 4-day stool diaries, the Bristol Stool Score | 4 days during intervention with each bread type (totally 3x4 days over a period of 10 weeks) |
| Change in Gut microbiota composition | Change in Gut microbiota composition after consumption of each test meal for 14 days will be analysed using the relative abundance of bacterial taxa according to 16S rRNA sequencing data | 1 time after intervention with each bread type (totally 3 times over a period of 10 weeks) |