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The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of the combined interventions, Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation (STAIR) and Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) or P-STAIR, for treating maternal PTSD and reducing maltreatment recidivism.
This study is a two-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT): P-STAIR (23 sessions) vs. supportive counseling (SC) (23 sessions). Eligible cases are randomized to P-STAIR and SC in a 1:1 ratio. Participants will be mothers receiving family preservation services (FPS), with a child in the age range of 1-10 years old, and PTSD (with/without depression). Symptom progress will be measured at pre-treatment, two in-treatment assessments (9 weeks and 16 weeks), post-treatment, and at a 6-month follow-up.
Study clinicians who deliver the study interventions are also considered participants in SMSC. They are not randomized to treatment arms; they are assigned to work with participants in both treatment arms. The study clinicians complete therapist-versions of certain assessment measures throughout the course of the study in order for researchers to assess the working relationship between study clinicians and the mothers they are administering treatment to.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| P-STAIR | Experimental | Participants will receive 23 weekly individual treatment sessions. Each session will last one hour. P-STAIR is a combination of STAIR and PCIT. STAIR focuses on reduction of PTSD symptoms through enhancement of emotion regulation skills. PCIT focuses on the reduction of negative parenting skills and the increase of positive parenting skills. |
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| Supportive Counseling | Active Comparator | Participants will receive 23 weekly individual treatment sessions. Each session will last one hour. Supportive counseling has been modified to permit non-trauma discussion of parenting problems. Each session is client-directed and clinicians take an unconditionally supportive role. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| P-STAIR | Behavioral | PCIT+ STAIR |
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| Supportive Counseling |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Post-traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale for the DSM-5 (PDS-5) | Post-traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale for the DSM-5 (PDS-5) is a 24-item self-report measure of PTSD symptoms over the last month. Items are rated on a 5-point scale of frequency and severity ranging from 0 ("not at all") to 4 ("6 or more times a week/severe"). Higher scores indicate more severe PTSD symptoms. PDS-5 will be used to monitor change in PTSD symptoms over treatment implementation. PDS-5 is also used during the baseline to evaluate for inclusion/exclusion criteria. | Change from baseline (pre-treatment) to mid-treatment at session 9 and 16 to upon completion of treatment (an average of 43 weeks) to six-month follow-up after treatment completion |
| Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) | Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report measure of symptoms associated with depression, such as restless sleep, poor appetite, and feeling lonely. Items are rated on a 3-point scale ranging from 0 ("rarely or none of the time") to 3 ("most or almost all of the time"). Scores range from 0 to 60, with high scores indicating greater depressive symptoms. CES-D will be used to assess change in depression symptoms over treatment implementation. | Change from baseline (pre-treatment) to mid-treatment at session 9 and 16 to upon completion of treatment (an average of 43 weeks) to six-month follow-up after treatment completion |
| Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System-IV (DPICS) | Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System-IV (DPICS) examines the quality of parent-child social interaction in three 5-minute situations: child-directed play, parent-directed play, and clean-up. Positive skills include praise, reflect, and describe, and negative skills include questions, commands, and criticisms. Observations are coded by trained DPICS scorers to produce total scores. DPICS scores allow us to track the changes in positive and negative parenting scores over treatment implementation. | Change from baseline (pre-treatment) to mid-treatment at session 16 to upon completion of treatment (an average of 43 weeks) to six-month follow-up after treatment completion |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) is the gold standard for determining DSM-5 Axis I current diagnoses and psychiatric history. The SCID-5 alcohol and substance use and psychosis modules will be used. SCID-5 will be used to track changes in substance use/abuse and symptoms of psychosis, as well as to evaluate inclusion/exclusion criteria. |
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Inclusion Criteria (mothers):
Exclusion Criteria (mothers):
If there is a history of IPV/family violence and the relationship is no longer active, the relationship must have ended for at least ninety days with no intention of restarting; If there is a history of IPV/family violence, but the relationship is ongoing, there must not have been an IPV/family violence event for at least one year
Inclusion criteria (clinicians):
- Must be a currently or formerly hired Study Clinician or Clinical Director with Safe Mothers, Safe Children.
Exclusion criteria (clinicians):
- There are no exclusion criteria for this population. Participants in this population will cease completion of therapist-copy measures upon the conclusion of their role with Safe Mothers, Safe Children, or upon withdrawal from participation in these measures.
To receive the study intervention, participants must be mothers. Child gender is a control variable.
Participants in the clinician group may identify with any gender in order to participate.
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Erin A Montion, MA | Contact | ‪(929) 489-1501‬ | em5935@nyu.edu |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Michael A Lindsey | New York University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| McSilver Institute for Poverty Policy and Research | Recruiting | New York | New York | 10003 | United States |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Sep 18, 2025 | Dec 10, 2025 | ICF_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013313 | Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic |
| D003863 | Depression |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D040921 | Stress Disorders, Traumatic |
| D000068099 | Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
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P-STAIR vs Supportive Counseling
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Assessors and preventive case planners are blind to treatment arm.
| Behavioral |
Non-trauma focused psychotherapy |
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| New foster care removals | Data is collected through the New York State Child Welfare Registry (NYSCWR) semi-annually on the number of out-of-home placements for 10 years for completers and non-completers who have consented into the study. Number of new foster care removals are located by unique NYSCWR identifiers collected at time of consent. Out-of-home placement data, in addition to new substantiated welfare reports, will be used to assess recidivism. | Every six-months for 10 years |
| New child abuse/neglect welfare reports | Data is collected through the New York State Child Welfare Registry (NYSCWR) semi-annually on the number of substantiated abuse/neglect reports for 10 years for completers and non-completers who have consented into the study. Number of new substantiated reports are located by unique NYSCWR identifiers collected at time of consent. New substantiated welfare reports, as well as out-of-home placement data, will be used to assess recidivism. | Every six-months for 10 years |
| Family Preservation Services Usual Care (FPSUC) reports | Family Preservation Services Usual Care (FPSUC) is extracted from electronic records that agencies use to document services. FPSUC details the number of services accessed in preventative agencies for clients. Data will be used to statistically control for FPSUC. | Throughout study completion, an average 43 weeks |
| Change from baseline (pre-treatment) to mid-treatment at session 16 to upon completion of treatment (an average of 43 weeks) to six-month follow-up after treatment completion |
| Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) | Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a 36-item self-report measure used to assesses emotion regulation. Items are rated on a scale of 1 ("almost never [0-10%]") to 5 ("almost always [91-100%]"). Higher scores indicate more difficulty in emotion regulation. DERS has adequate construct and predictive validity and good test-retest reliability. DERS will be used to evaluate level of emotion regulation skills during treatment implementation. | Change from baseline (pre-treatment) to mid-treatment at session 9 and 16 to upon completion of treatment (an average of 43 weeks) to six-month follow-up after treatment completion |
| Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory-2.1 (AAPI-2.1) | Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory-2.1 (AAPI-2.1) is a self-reporting inventory that measures parental behaviors and is commonly used to assess the risk of child abuse and neglect. Items are rated on a scale of 1 ("strongly agree") to 5 ("strongly disagree"). AAPI-2.1 has five sub-constructs: expectations of children, parental empathy towards children's needs, use of corporal punishment, parent-child family roles, and children's power and independence. Higher scores indicate lower risk of parental abuse/neglect. AAPI will be used to monitor the change in parental behaviors over treatment implementation. | Change from baseline (pre-treatment) to end of treatment (average 43 weeks) to six-month follow-up |
| Treatment Services Review (TSR) | Treatment Services Review (TSR) is an interview used to gather information about specific mental health services received outside of the study treatment and treatment received one year prior to the time of the baseline (pre) assessment. It describes treatment type (individual therapy vs. group), provider type (psychologist, psychiatrist, social worker), length (in years) and frequency of treatment (rate of appointments), rate of hospitalizations, and medications prescribed. | Baseline (pre-treatment) |
| Treatment Services Review (TSR) | Treatment Services Review (TSR) is an interview used to gather information about specific mental health services received outside of the study treatment and treatment received during treatment implementation. It describes treatment type (individual therapy vs. group), provider type (psychologist, psychiatrist, social worker), length (in years) and frequency of treatment (rate of appointments), rate of hospitalizations, and medications prescribed. | End of treatment (an average 43 weeks) |
| Treatment Services Review (TSR) | Treatment Services Review (TSR) is an interview used to gather information about specific mental health services received outside of the study treatment and treatment received between the end of treatment and the six-month follow-up assessment. It describes treatment type (individual therapy vs. group), provider type (psychologist, psychiatrist, social worker), length (in years) and frequency of treatment (rate of appointments), rate of hospitalizations, and medications prescribed. | Follow-up after treatment completion (six-months after end of treatment) |
| Therapy Acceptability and Expectations (TAE) | Therapy Acceptability and Expectations (TAE) is a 5-item scale that evaluates credibility and engagement of study treatment. Items range from 0 ("not at all") to 8 ("extremely"). Higher scores indicate greater acceptability of treatment. TAE is administered throughout treatment in order to assess the clinician-client therapeutic relationship and client engagement with treatment. Necessary changes that arise from the TAE are addressed in future treatment sessions. | Change from baseline (pre-treatment) to mid-treatment at session 9 and 16 to upon completion of treatment (an average of 43 weeks) to six-month follow-up after treatment completion |
| Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) | Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a 25-item parent-report behavioral screening questionnaire that comprises five sub-scales: emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems, and prosocial behavior. Items have the following responses: "not true," "somewhat true," and "certainly true." Higher scores indicate a higher likelihood of emotional and/or behavioral difficulties. SDQ will be used throughout treatment to assess change in behavior of the child participating in the parent-child dyadic play observations. | Change from baseline (pre-treatment) to mid-treatment at session 9 and 16 to upon completion of treatment (an average of 43 weeks) to six-month follow-up after treatment completion |
| Working Alliance Inventory Short Form (WAI-S) | The WAI-S is a 12-item measure assessing three key aspects of the therapeutic alliance: agreement on the tasks of therapy, agreement on the goals of therapy, and development of an affective bond. Item responses range from 1 ("Never") to 7 ("Always"). Higher scores indicate a higher quality of the therapeutic alliance. The WAI-S is administered throughout treatment beginning at mid-treatment in order to assess the working relationship between a client and their treating clinician, from both the participant and clinician perspectives. | Change from mid-treatment at session 9 and 16 to upon completion of treatment (an average of 15 weeks). |
| D001519 | Behavior |