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Firearms injuries present a major pediatric public health challenge, killing >800 children ages 0-15 annually and leading to lifelong disability among >1000 survivors. About ⅓ of firearms injuries to children under age 15 are due to unintentional causes rather than suicide or homicide. The investigators propose development and evaluation of ShootSafe, an innovative, engaging, and educational website accessible by smartphone, tablet or computer that engages children to learn firearms safety.
ShootSafe extends existing programs to achieve 3 primary goals: a) teach children knowledge and skills they need to hunt, shoot, and use firearms safely; b) help children learn and hone critical cognitive skills of impulse control and hypothetical thinking needed to use firearms safely; and c) alter children's perceptions about their own vulnerability and susceptibility to firearms-related injuries, the severity of those injuries, and their perceived norms about peer behavior surrounding firearms use. ShootSafe will accomplish these goals through a combination of interactive games plus podcast videos delivered by peer actors (impactful testimonials about firearms injuries/deaths they experienced) and experts (wisdom & experience from trusted role models). The website will also incorporate brief messaging to parents, who will absorb key lessons and reinforce them with their children.
The website will be evaluated through a randomized controlled trial with 162 children ages 10-12, randomly assigning children to engage in the ShootSafe website or an active control website on child nutrition. The investigators will incorporate sub-aims to evaluate changes in children's (a) knowledge, (b) cognitive skills in impulse control and hypothetical thinking, (c) perceptions about firearms safety, and (d) simulated behavior when handling, storing and transporting firearms. All outcome measures will be assessed at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and at a 4-month follow-up assessment to evaluate retention. Training will comprise two 30-minute sessions.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| firearms safety | Experimental | Children will spend two 45-minute sessions engaged on ShootSafe, an internet-based training program on firearms safety. |
|
| nutrition | Active Comparator | Children will spend two 45-minute sessions engaged in vHappy, an internet-based training program on nutrition and wellbeing. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| firearms safety | Behavioral | interactive and engaging website with videos and educational games to teach children firearms, hunting and shooting safety |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Knowledge Items Answered Correctly | firearms safety knowledge scale (10 items, minimum value 0 and maximum value 10). Higher scores indicate greater knowledge. | 1 week after intervention completed |
| Risky Behavior in Simulated Hunting Scenario | Number of simulated situations when it was dangerous to shoot the toy firearm and the child took shots | 1 week after intervention completed |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| David Schwebel, PhD | University of Alabama at Birmingham | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UAB Youth Safety Lab, University of Alabama at Birmingham | Birmingham | Alabama | 35294 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 40966575 | Derived | Schwebel DC, Long DL, Johnston A, He Y, Morgan CH, Severson J, Taylor G, Trullinger K. Evaluation of ShootSafe, an Interactive, Sequential Website to Teach Youths Firearms Safety: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Am J Public Health. 2025 Dec;115(12):1971-1977. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2025.308267. Epub 2025 Sep 18. | |
| 33549072 | Derived | Schwebel DC, Long DL, Gowey M, Severson J, He Y, Trullinger K. Study protocol: developing and evaluating an interactive web platform to teach children hunting, shooting and firearms safety: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2021 Feb 6;21(1):308. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10345-3. |
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De-identified data will be shared with qualified parties upon request.
after all primary analyses are conducted and published, for 3 year period
qualified user with appropriate training and approval
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Firearms Safety | Children will spend two 45-minute sessions engaged on ShootSafe, an internet-based training program on firearms safety. firearms safety: interactive and engaging website with videos and educational games to teach children firearms, hunting and shooting safety |
| FG001 | Nutrition | Children will spend two 45-minute sessions engaged in vHappy, an internet-based training program on nutrition and wellbeing. nutrition: interactive and engaging website with videos and educational games to teach children about nutrition and wellbeing |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Firearms Safety | Children will spend two 45-minute sessions engaged on ShootSafe, an internet-based training program on firearms safety. firearms safety: interactive and engaging website with videos and educational games to teach children firearms, hunting and shooting safety |
| BG001 | Nutrition |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Number of Knowledge Items Answered Correctly | firearms safety knowledge scale (10 items, minimum value 0 and maximum value 10). Higher scores indicate greater knowledge. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 1 week after intervention completed |
|
4 months
Definitions do not differ from clinicaltrials.gov definitions.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Firearms Safety | Children will spend two 45-minute sessions engaged on ShootSafe, an internet-based training program on firearms safety. firearms safety: interactive and engaging website with videos and educational games to teach children firearms, hunting and shooting safety |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. David Schwebel | University of Alabama at Birmingham | 205-934-8745 | schwebel@uab.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Jun 11, 2024 | Jun 11, 2024 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009752 | Nutritional Status |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009747 | Nutritional Physiological Phenomena |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
| D006304 | Health Status |
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| nutrition | Behavioral | interactive and engaging website with videos and educational games to teach children about nutrition and wellbeing |
|
Children will spend two 45-minute sessions engaged in vHappy, an internet-based training program on nutrition and wellbeing. nutrition: interactive and engaging website with videos and educational games to teach children about nutrition and wellbeing |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
|
|
| Primary | Risky Behavior in Simulated Hunting Scenario | Number of simulated situations when it was dangerous to shoot the toy firearm and the child took shots | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | scenarios | 1 week after intervention completed |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 83 |
| 0 |
| 83 |
| 0 |
| 83 |
| EG001 | Nutrition | Children will spend two 45-minute sessions engaged in vHappy, an internet-based training program on nutrition and wellbeing. nutrition: interactive and engaging website with videos and educational games to teach children about nutrition and wellbeing | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 |
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| D003710 | Demography |
| D011154 | Population Characteristics |