The purpose of this basic research study is to determine the contribution of endogenous ascorbic acid (AA) turnover to urinary oxalate excretion in both normal BMI and obese adult non-stone formers and calcium oxalate stone formers. The studies proposed will use diets of known nutrient composition, a stable isotope of ascorbic acid (13C6-AA) and mass spectrometric techniques to quantify ascorbic acid turnover to oxalate.

The purpose of this basic research study is to determine the contribution of endogenous ascorbic acid (AA)turnover to urinary oxalate excretion in both normal BMI and obese adult non-stone formers and calcium oxalate stone formers. The studies proposed will use diets of known nutrient composition, a stable isotope of AA, 13C6-AA, and mass spectrometric techniques to quantify AA turnover to oxalate.

Adults (≥19 years) with and without a history of calcium oxalate kidney stone disease will be recruited from within the greater Birmingham area, and divided into normal BMI (BMI<25 kg/m2) and obese (BMI≥30 kg/m2) groups. Following consent, subjects will meet with a dietitian to ensure willingness to consume controlled diets, and provide fasted blood and 2 x 24 hour urine specimens to determine general health status and adequacy of 24-hour urine collections, respectively.

Eligible subjects will consume a low oxalate controlled diet for 6 days, which will involve 2 days of dietary equilibration followed by oral ingestion of 1 mg/kg carbon-13 AA with breakfast on day 3 and subsequent collection of 4 consecutive 24-hour urine specimens. After the carbon-13 AA load, subjects will return each morning to the Clinical Research Unit for a fasted blood draw, to drop off their 24-hour urine collection, and receive their prepared food. In addition, on day 4, 24 hours after ingesting carbon-13 AA, subjects will collect hourly urine and 1/2 hourly blood samples for 5 hours in the Clinical Research Unit.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Able to provide informed consent
• For stone formers: composition of most recent stone > 50% calcium oxalate, no uric acid component
• For stone formers: first time or recurrent calcium oxalate stone former with stone event within the prior 3 years
• Two 24-hour urine collections with urinary 24-hour creatinine excretion within 20% of appropriate ratio of creatinine (mg) / body weigh (kg) for gender
• Willingness to stop supplements (vitamins, Calcium (citrate or carbonate) and other minerals, herbal supplements, nutritional aids, probiotics) for 2 weeks before start and during study
• Willingness to not undertake vigorous exercise during the study
• Normal fasting blood Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)
• Willingness to ingest menus prepared in Clinical Research Unit at University of Alabama at Birmingham
• No food allergies or intolerance to any of the foods in study menus
• If on medications for stone prevention (e.g. thiazides, citrate supplementation excluding calcium citrate), they should have been on a stable dose regimen for at least 8 weeks prior to and during screening, with no changes in dosing anticipated during study protocol. If on allopurinol for stone prevention, stop it for 2 weeks prior to screening and this will not be administered during the study as it has anti-oxidant properties.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Diabetes
• Gout
• Hypertension
• Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) less than 60ml/min/1.73m2
• Primary hyperoxaluria
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Enteric hyperoxaluria
• Renal tubular acidosis
• Primary hyperparathyroidism
• Liver disease
• Auto-immune disorder
• Neurogenic bladder
• Urinary diversion
• Bariatric surgery
• Active malignancy or treatment for malignancy within 12 months prior to screening
• Pregnancy
• Breastfeeding/nursing individuals
• Females of child bearing age who are not able to use an effective method of birth control during the study
• Mental/medical condition that is likely to impede successful study completion
• Illness including flu/common cold/fever 14 days before study and during study
• Diarrhea or other abnormal gastrointestinal event (e.g. abnormal bowel movements) 14 days before study or during study
• Abnormal fasting CMP