Brief Summary: Mortality data are important in low and middle-income countries to assess the population health status and trends. Mortality statistics in the populations of Bangladesh, Myanmar and Lao PDR are considered as generally limited and a recent assessment of vital registration systems of those countries reported a poor performance of the death registration system. Majority of deaths occur at home in rural area of those countries without cause of death assigned. To address this problem, the investigators will use verbal autopsy (VA) method developed by WHO to ascertain the cause of a death based on an interview with a family member or caregiver of deceased person to obtain information about causes of death in study rural communities. Death related to a specific cause will be defined by ICD-10 codes and described as primary, secondary or underlying COD. The study is planned to conduct in approximately 390 rural village communities covered by Southeast Asia clinical trial network (SEACTN) network in proposed 3 countries. The study findings will help establish a better understanding in signs, symptoms, medical history and circumstances preceding death; prioritize future interventions for early and effective diagnostics and treatment for diseases and how to keep mortality surveillance ongoing in study rural settings.

This study is funded by Welcome Trust. Welcome Trust grant reference number is [215604/Z/19/Z].

The SEACTN (South and Southeast Asian Community-based Trials Network) is a part of a portfolio of programmes under the Wellcome Innovations Flagship 'Innovations for Impact in Resource-limited Settings'. The flagship plan is to build the SEACTN infrastructure in approximately 520 villages across three South and Southeast Asian countries (Bangladesh, Lao PDR, Thailand, Cambodia and Myanmar) to capture over 100,000 episodes and outcomes of rural febrile illness in these remote and underserved communities. Mortality statistics in the populations covered by SEACTN are considered as generally limited and unreliable and a recent assessment of vital registration systems of these 3 countries showed a poor performance of the death registration system. To support the goal of the flagship SEACTN program in defining the morbidity and mortality burden of febrile illness and to strengthen the mortality data (causes of deaths information) in study areas, the VA component is integrated as a part of project activities. It will identify not only potential causes of deaths with a history of febrile illnesses, but also all other CODs which occur in SEACTN network communities. The findings will also uncover large gaps and challenges that impede delivery of primary health services in rural area of the countries.

This observational multicountry study aims to conduct verbal autopsies in approximately 390 rural village communities in the SEACTN network in 5 countries; Bangladesh (in Cox's Bazar and Bandarban districts), Lao PDR (in Phalanxay, Phin and Atsaphanthong districts in the Province of Savannakhet), Thailand (Muang district of Chiang Rai province), Cambodia (Battambang and Pailin provinces)and Thai-Myanmar border area (Kayin state, Myanmar). The study populations are restricted to varying degrees from accessing adequate health services due to geographical and financial factors. Since VA interviews will be carried out for all deaths, the study will be able to point out capacity gaps in providing essential health services at different levels of the health system as well as barriers in receiving healthcare services. About 2,000 deaths or VA interviews are expected to be carried out over a 2-year study period.

Study procedure: The death cases in villages will be notified by village health workers (VHWs) or community health workers (CHWs) and also be checked through health facilities records. The study respondent should be a close family member or a caregiver or a person who closely attended to the deceased during the illness. VA instrument Questionnaires WHO 2016 version of validated electronic VA questionnaires will be used and there are three separate VA forms for specific age groups: perinatal and neonatal mortality (death of a child under 4 weeks), child mortality (aged 4 weeks to 11 years), adult mortality (aged 12 years and over) including maternal mortality. VA cause of death list The WHO VA cause of death list is used to classify disease. The COD list is based on the international classification of diseases (ICD-10) coding system.

The training of interviewers will be via online and face to face training sessions. The training materials from research collaborators (University of Toronto, Canada) will be used and adapted in local context. There will also be web based intensive courses for physicians for coding and CoD certification. A VA needs an optimum recall period for high quality of information. To keep the recall period as short as possible and to get reliable information, field team will aim to visit the villages at 3-6 months intervals and conduct interviews with the respondents of deceased persons to collect the information. The interview will take approximately 30 to 45 minutes to complete using electronic format of questionnaires installed in CommCare apps of SEACTN tablets after getting informed consent. Audio recordings will be done to make sure for accurate records of the interviews and to complete the narrative text section of the form. The investigators will also record the location of the villages by GPS in order to define causes of deaths with a map.

For quality control of the interview process, 10 percent of interviews will be observed and checked by field supervisors while conducting interviews. For quality control of coding and, assessing the COD, two physicians will independently review the outcome of an interview, will provide coding and formulate a COD. The COD identified by each physician will be recorded in the database and if there is any disagreement, a third senior physician would be brought in to adjudicate the result and sought for a solution.

Inclusion Criteria:

• All adult participants whose family member's death occurred in SEACTN villages within 12 months.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Participants whose family member's death occurred outside of SEACTN villages or deaths more than 12months
• Respondents who are not providing informed consent

The respondent should be a close family member or a caregiver or a person who closely attended to the deceased during the illness (e.g. the mother in the case of an infant death, the spouse in case of an adult death, the son/daughter in the case of deaths among the elderly and an adult female relative in case of maternal deaths); and the respondent's educational status and communication skills. If needed, another household member or neighbor can help the primary respondents for specific details.