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Brief Summary: This study aims to investigate whether protein fortification of beverages causes mouthdrying and mucoadhesion and whether this is influenced by saliva flow.
To investigate whether whey protein beverages causes mouthdrying and reduces acceptability compared with a control beverage (whey permeate beverage) and to determine whether manipulating salivary flow rates influences mouthdrying.
To determine whether mucoadhesion is a probable cause of mouthdrying.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Protein Beverage | Experimental | Whey Protein Beverage |
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| Control Beverage | Experimental | Whey Permeate Beverage |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liquid Model | Behavioral | To study the perception of whey beverages using sensory methods (rating drying as well as discrimination tests "which is the stronger in drying") Measuring mucoadhesion via protein content remaining in saliva following swallowing of whey protein and whey permeate beverages. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Mucoadhesion and Mouthdrying | Following swallowing of different whey beverage samples (whey protein / whey permeate), volunteers will be asked either to rate samples for mouthdrying or to spit their saliva into a tube at specific timepoints (15s & 60s) with appropriate rest periods. The rating and spitting times will be set within a balanced order protocol. | Saliva collection and mouthdrying scoring throughout visits, 2 days |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Mouthdrying from whey beverages | Perceived mouth drying from whey beverages (whey permeate / whey protein) using data from sensory methods (rating drying as well as discrimination tests "which is the stronger in drying"). Scale for scoring is the gLMS scale (general linear magnitude scale); higher value is worse outcome. | 1 day (Sampled at study visit one) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Lisa Methven | University of Reading | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sensory Science Centre, Department of Food and Nutritional Science, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom | Reading | RG66UR | United Kingdom |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28260840 | Background | Bull SP, Hong Y, Khutoryanskiy VV, Parker JK, Faka M, Methven L. Whey protein mouth drying influenced by thermal denaturation. Food Qual Prefer. 2017 Mar;56(Pt B):233-240. doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.03.008. | |
| 24092277 | Background | Withers CA, Cook MT, Methven L, Gosney MA, Khutoryanskiy VV. Investigation of milk proteins binding to the oral mucosa. Food Funct. 2013 Nov;4(11):1668-74. doi: 10.1039/c3fo60291e. |
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No personal identification data will be shared. The study is not under an obligation to share data, however it is possible that some of the individual (unliked / non identifiable) data will be useful in a meta analysis and, hence sharing individual participant data (IPD) will be considered.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000073923 | Food Intolerance |
| D005518 | Food Preferences |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012817 | Signs and Symptoms, Digestive |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D005247 | Feeding Behavior |
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This study involves both a crossover design where each participant tastes both the control product and the protein fortified product with an appropriate break between the two sessions. The study will be conducted single blind as it not feasible to blind the researcher. Each participant will attend 2 study visits and all foods will be presented with random blinding codes.
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| Manipulating saliva flow and mouthdrying from whey beverages | Volunteers will be asked to manipulate their saliva flow and consume whey beverages (whey permeate / whey protein) and score perceived mouth drying (data will be collected from sensory methods (rating drying as well as discrimination tests "which is the stronger in drying") | 1 day (Sampled at study visit one) |
| Saliva collection | Salivary flow rates from unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples. | 1 day (Sampled at study visit two) |
| 26456531 | Background | Affoo RH, Foley N, Garrick R, Siqueira WL, Martin RE. Meta-Analysis of Salivary Flow Rates in Young and Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Oct;63(10):2142-51. doi: 10.1111/jgs.13652. Epub 2015 Oct 12. |
| 24440265 | Background | Withers CA, Lewis MJ, Gosney MA, Methven L. Potential sources of mouth drying in beverages fortified with dairy proteins: A comparison of casein- and whey-rich ingredients. J Dairy Sci. 2014 Mar;97(3):1233-47. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-7273. Epub 2014 Jan 17. |
| D001519 | Behavior |