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Patients who receive intensive care are known to be at high risk for physical, psychological, and cognitive impairments, a constellation known as PICS. COVID-19 patients are expected to have high chances of suffering from PICS (PICS-COV) as they frequently require several weeks of intensive care and traditional PICS preventive measures are virtually impossible due to infection control precautions, prone positioning, and deprivation of social contact. To prevent PICS after ICU discharge in COVID-19 patients, physical therapy is recommended. From recent but limited experience it appears that even patients with COVID-19 who have not been admitted to the ICU can suffer from impairments in the same domains and sometimes to a similar degree of severity. Also for these patient group rehabilitation seems warranted.
Yet, the resources needed to provide rehabilitation treatment to COVID-19 patients are inadequate because healthcare systems faced a shortage of high-quality treatment for these impairments already before the COVID-19 crisis emerged. Virtual Reality (VR) provides potential to healthcare practitioners to administer fast, temporary, and tailor-made rehabilitation services at a distance, and offers a solution to address the impending surge of demand for rehabilitation after COVID-19 infection. VR consists of a head mounted display (HMD) that can bring the user by computer-generated visuals into an immersive, realistic multi-sensory environment. Current VR technology is accessible, easy in use for a large audience, and safe in use. There already exist multiple VR applications for providing physical, psychological, and cognitive rehabilitation. These applications have been brought together in a VR suite for rehabilitation after COVID-19. Patients visiting a physiotherapist for rehabilitation from COVID-19 will be asked to participate in this study. They receive a VR HMD for training purposes. This study aims to understand the usability, feasibility, and tolerability of VR for rehabilitation after COVID-19, and to pilot the effectiveness of VR improving the physical ability, mental and cognitive status of patients.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention group | Experimental | Participants will receive Virtual Reality as an add-on to standard physiotherapy after COVID-19. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality | Device | Participants will use a Virtual Reality headset with a range of applications applicable for rehabilitation after COVID-19. Applications target physical, psychological, and cognitive rehabilitation. VR headset will be used for six weeks first at the physiotherapist's practice, and when possible, at home. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Semi-structured interview with 15 patients on their experiences of VR for rehabilitation from COVID-19. | At the end of the study, 15 patients will be interviewed about their experiences using VR for rehabilitation from COVID-19. The interview will be semi-structured, including questions on usability, tolerability and efficacy of VR according to the patients. The interviews will be recorded, written out and coded by means of grounded theory analysis in Atlas.ti. Themes and subthemes will be constructed. | Day 42 |
| Use of VR | By means of digital tracking in the VR goggles, we aim to understand what games are used most often by the participants. | Day 42 |
| Semi-structured interviews with physiotherapists on their experiences of VR for rehabilitation from COVID-19. | At the end of the study, 10 physiotherapists will be interviewed about their experiences using VR for rehabilitation from COVID-19. The interview will be semi-structured, including questions on usability, tolerability and efficacy of VR according to the physiotherapists. The interviews will be recorded, written out and coded by means of grounded theory analysis in Atlas.ti. Themes and subthemes will be constructed. | Day 42 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in baseline performance test (guidelines KNGF) - Patient specific complaints. | To investigate whether adding VR to rehabilitation (perceivably) improves physical performance, we use a baseline performance test as constructed by the COVID-19 recommendations (RL 2.0) as issued by the Royal Dutch Society for Physical Therapy (KNGF). Measurements will be done at the start of the intervention period and the end of the intervention period for tracking progress. The baseline performance test consists of several items of which the patient specific complaints is the first. Patient specific complaints refer to complaints the patients aim to improve by means of physiotherapy. Outcomes are qualitative outcomes. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Patient characteristics related to use of VR | Age, gender, education, employment, lifestyle, experience with technology - qualitative measures. | Day 0 |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
The patient is participating in another study interfering with this study.
Patient has difficulties to handle virtual reality:
Patient has a high risk of contamination with a therapy resistant micro-organism e.g. MRSA.
Patients suffers from severe anxiety or depression (HADS≥16).
Red flags (see Appendix 1).
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Harry van Goor, MD, PhD | Radboud University Medical Center | Principal Investigator |
| Bart Staal, PT, PhD | Radboud University Medical Center | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Radboud university medical center | Nijmegen | Gelderland | 6525 GA | Netherlands |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 35858254 | Derived | Groenveld T, Achttien R, Smits M, de Vries M, van Heerde R, Staal B, van Goor H; COVID Rehab Group. Feasibility of Virtual Reality Exercises at Home for Post-COVID-19 Condition: Cohort Study. JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol. 2022 Aug 15;9(3):e36836. doi: 10.2196/36836. |
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Only upon asking.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D018352 | Coronavirus Infections |
| C000657744 | postintensive care syndrome |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003333 | Coronaviridae Infections |
| D030341 | Nidovirales Infections |
| D012327 | RNA Virus Infections |
| D014777 | Virus Diseases |
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Participants are asked to use Virtual Reality as an add-on to standard physiotherapy for revalidation after COVID-19.
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| Day 0, day 42 |
| Change in baseline performance test (guidelines KNGF) - 6 minute walk test | To investigate whether adding VR to rehabilitation (perceivably) improves physical performance, we use a baseline performance test as constructed by the COVID-19 recommendations (RL 2.0) as issued by the Royal Dutch Society for Physical Therapy (KNGF). Measurements will be done at the start of the intervention period and the end of the intervention period for tracking progress. The baseline performance test consists of several items of which the 6 minute walk test is the second. The 6 minute walk test studies the physical capacity of a patient. We measure at day 0 how many meter a patient can walk in 6 minutes and compare this to the meters a patient is able to walk at day 42. | Day 0, Day 42 |
| Change in baseline performance test (guidelines KNGF) - one-repetition maximum test | To investigate whether adding VR to rehabilitation (perceivably) improves physical performance, we use a baseline performance test as constructed by the COVID-19 recommendations (RL 2.0) as issued by the Royal Dutch Society for Physical Therapy (KNGF). Measurements will be done at the start of the intervention period and the end of the intervention period for tracking progress. The baseline performance test consists of several items of which hand grip strength is the third. The hand grip strength is measured by the One-repetition maximum test which measures the amount of kg's a patient can grip at his peakforce. Measurements are done at day 0 and day 42 and compared. | Day 0, Day 42 |
| Change in baseline performance test (guidelines KNGF) - 30 sec sit to stand | To investigate whether adding VR to rehabilitation (perceivably) improves physical performance, we use a baseline performance test as constructed by the COVID-19 recommendations (RL 2.0) as issued by the Royal Dutch Society for Physical Therapy (KNGF). Measurements will be done at the start of the intervention period and the end of the intervention period for tracking progress. The baseline performance test consists of several items of which the 30 sec sit to stand test for lower extremities is the fourth. The 30 seconds sit to stand test is for testing leg strength and endurance. A patient has to do as many sit to stand exercises in 30 seconds. Measurements are done at day 0 and compared to day 42. | Day 0, Day 42 |
| Change in baseline performance test (guidelines KNGF) - Borgscale for fatigue | To investigate whether adding VR to rehabilitation (perceivably) improves physical performance, we use a baseline performance test as constructed by the COVID-19 recommendations (RL 2.0) as issued by the Royal Dutch Society for Physical Therapy (KNGF). Measurements will be done at the start of the intervention period and the end of the intervention period for tracking progress. The baseline performance test consists of several items of which the Borgscale for fatigue is the final item. The borgscale for fatigue is a numerical scale (1-10) to rate physical exertion and fatigue. Patients fill in the scale at day 0 and day 42. Results are compared. | Day 0, Day 42 |
| Change in activities of daily life. | To investigate whether adding VR to rehabilitation (perceivably) improves physical performance, we will as well measure change in activities of Daily Life. This questionnaire (ADL) measures the ease of participating in activities of daily life (ADL) of the patient. The questionnaire consists of 22 questions ranging from 0 (not at all) to 3 (easily autonomous). Maximum score is 63. | Day 0, Day 42 |
| Change in HADS. | To investigate whether adding VR to rehabilitation (perceivably) improves psychological rehabilitation, we will measure change in HADS. The HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) is used to measure change in psychological outcomes before and after the intervention period. Questionnaire consists out of 14 questions with answers ranging from 0 (often) to 3 (almost never). All questions are summed up to a total of 42 points. | Day 0, Day 42 |
| Change in CFQ. | To investigate whether adding VR to rehabilitation (perceivably) improves cognitive rehabilitation, we will use the CFQ. The CFQ (Cognitive Failure Questionnaire) is used to measure change in cognitive outcomes before and after the intervention period. Questionnaire consists out 25 questions ranging from 0 to 5. All questions are summed up to a total of 100 points. | Day 0, Day 42 |
| Change in SF12. | To investigate whether adding VR to rehabilitation (perceivably) improves quality of life, we will use the SF12. The SF12 questionnaire is used to measure change in quality of life before and after the intervention period. SF12: SF12 measures via different scaled questions eight concepts: physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health problems, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems, and mental health. The first four items together form the physical health scale. The latter four items form the mental health scale. The higher the scores, the better the physical and mental health. Highest possible score: 56. Lowest possible score: 12. | Day 0, Day 42 |
| Change in positive health. | To investigate whether adding VR to rehabilitation (perceivably) improves quality of life, we will as well use the Positive Health questionnaire. The Positive Health questionnaire is used to measure change in quality of life before and after the intervention period. Positive Health:Positive health consists out of 42 statements separated in 6 categories: bodily functioning, mental functioning, spiritual dimension, quality of life, social participation, daily functioning. Each question should be rated with a 0 (worst) to a 10 (best). The higher the scores, the better the quality of life. | Day 0, Day 42 |
| D007239 |
| Infections |