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Aim of the study is to compare the origin of ketone bodies: endogenous ketone bodies due to 36 hours fasting or 24 hours of ketogenic diet vs. exogenous ketone bodies as supplements additional to normal diet.
Secondary aim of the study is to validate the new metabolic chambers.
Each study week starts with a 3-day run-in period with controlled diet at home and ends with a test-meal (breakfast) in the lab and following food record over the rest of the day at home.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| fasting, active | Experimental | 36 hours fasting, PAL 1.6 |
|
| ketogenic diet, active | Experimental | 24 hours of ketogenic diet (liquid meals), PAL 1.6 |
|
| exogeneous ketone bodies, active | Experimental | 24 hours of ketone body supplements (Beta-Hydroxybutyrate as Ca-Mg-salt) additional to a normal diet (liquid meals), PAL 1.6 |
|
| fasting, inactive | Experimental | 36 hours fasting, PAL 1.3 |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta-Hydroxybutyrate as Ca-Mg-salt, active | Dietary Supplement | 24 hour intervention with ketone body supplements additional to a normal diet (isocaloric diet in total) to induce ketosis (exogenous ketone bodies), in a metabolic chamber at physical activity level of 1.6, after one day of isocaloric diet in a metabolic chamber at physical activity level of 1.6. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| appetite control - ghrelin | ghrelin concentration in plasma (24 hour AUC) | 24 hours |
| appetite control - GLP-1 concentration in plasma | Glucose Like Peptide-1 concentration in plasma (24 hour AUC) | 24 hours |
| appetite control - PYY concentration in plasma | Peptide YY concentration in plasma (24 hour AUC) | 24 hours |
| appetite control - subjective feelings of hunger | measured with visual analogue scales (24 hour AUC). The scale consists of a 10 cm vertical line anchored with "not hungry at all" at the left side and with "extremely hungry" at the right side. | 24 hours |
| appetite control - satiety quotient | satiety quotient of standard test-breakfast after 24 hours of intervention | 30 min |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| macronutrient oxidation | measured with indirect calorimetry in a metabolic chamber | 24 hours |
| energy expenditure | measured with indirect calorimetry in a metabolic chamber |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Anja Bosy-Westphal, PhD, MD | Institute of Human Nutrition, Kiel University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Institute of Human Nutrition | Kiel | 24105 | Germany |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37202059 | Derived | Hagele FA, Dorner R, Koop J, Lubken M, Seidel U, Rimbach G, Muller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A. Impact of one-day fasting, ketogenic diet or exogenous ketones on control of energy balance in healthy participants. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2023 Jun;55:292-299. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.03.025. Epub 2023 Apr 10. | |
| 35927795 | Derived |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020155 | 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid |
| D015444 | Exercise |
| D055423 | Diet, Ketogenic |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006885 | Hydroxybutyrates |
| D002087 | Butyrates |
| D000144 | Acids, Acyclic |
| D002264 | Carboxylic Acids |
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all subjects are undergoing each intervention
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|
| ketogenic diet (KetoCal® 4:1 Neutral, Nutricia GmbH, Erlangen, Germany), active | Dietary Supplement | 24 hour interventions with ketogenic isocaloric diet to induce ketosis (endogenous ketone bodies), in a metabolic chamber at physical activity level of 1.6, after one day of isocaloric diet in a metabolic chamber at physical activity level of 1.6. |
|
| fasting, active | Dietary Supplement | 36 hours of fasting, in a metabolic chamber at physical activity level of 1.6, after one day of isocaloric diet in a metabolic chamber at physical activity level of 1.6. |
|
| fasting, inactive | Dietary Supplement | 36 hours of fasting, in a metabolic chamber at physical activity level of 1.3, after one day of isocaloric diet in a metabolic chamber at physical activity level of 1.3. The same intervention is reproduced one week later. |
|
| 24 hours |
| glycemia - glucose AUC | glucose AUC from continuous glucose monitoring data | 24 hours |
| repeatability of energy expenditure measurements | repeated measurement of 24h-energy expenditure in a metabolic chamber on inactive isocaloric and fasting days | 24 hours |
| ß-Hydroxybutyrate concentration in serum | 24 hour ß-Hydroxybutyrate concentration in serum (AUC) | 24 hours |
| Dorner R, Hagele FA, Koop J, Rising R, Foerster T, Olsen T, Hasler M, Muller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A. Validation of energy expenditure and macronutrient oxidation measured by two new whole-room indirect calorimeters. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2022 Sep;30(9):1796-1805. doi: 10.1002/oby.23527. Epub 2022 Aug 4. |
| D009930 |
| Organic Chemicals |
| D006880 | Hydroxy Acids |
| D007657 | Ketone Bodies |
| D007659 | Ketones |
| D005232 | Fatty Acids, Volatile |
| D005227 | Fatty Acids |
| D008055 | Lipids |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
| D050528 | Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted |
| D004035 | Diet Therapy |
| D044623 | Nutrition Therapy |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D004032 | Diet |
| D009747 | Nutritional Physiological Phenomena |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |