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Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided prostate biopsy is a gold standard method widely used in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. This procedure can be very painful and anxious for men. Various pharmacological methods can be used to relieve patients' pain and discomfort during TRUS-guided prostate biopsy. Although there is still no consensus on the solution suggestions for pain and anxiety due to biopsy, it is known that music, which is a non-pharmacological method, is effective in this regard. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of music with structured verbal training on patients' pain, anxiety and satisfaction levels during transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy.
Although there have been several studies examining the effect of music on pain and / or anxiety during TRUS prostate biopsy, only one study has been found examining the effect of stress management (music and one-to-one simulation training) on patients' pain and anxiety levels. In addition, there is only one study on the effectiveness of the training method (written and video-based training) on anxiety levels of patients related to prostate biopsy. For this reason, it is thought that music will be more effective on pain and anxiety levels along with structured verbal training to alleviate the discomfort associated with patients' biopsy procedure.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Music Group with Structured Verbal Training | Experimental | Music with structured verbal training was applied during transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. |
|
| Control Group | No Intervention | The control group did not listen to music during the procedure, and they received routine training. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Music with Structured Verbal Training | Other | Structured verbal training on prostate biopsy was given to the intervention group before the procedure, and then patients in this group listened to the music they preferred during the procedure with headphones. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| change on pain intensity as measured by Visual Analog Scale | The average score change on pain intensity as measured by Visual Analog Scale. This scale is an unidimensional measure commonly used to measure pain intensity. The scale is a measuring tool with length of 0-10 cm (0-100 mm). High scores on the scale indicate that pain intensity is high. | "just before procedure", "during procedure" and "5 minutes after procedure" |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| score change on anxiety level as measured by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory | The average score change on anxiety level as measured by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. This scale is used to measure anxiety. The scores on the scale ranges from 20 to 80. The high scores on the scale indicate that anxiety is high. | "just before procedure" and "5 minutes after procedure" |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Elif Gezginci, PhD | Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi | Istanbul | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11733293 | Background | Bijur PE, Silver W, Gallagher EJ. Reliability of the visual analog scale for measurement of acute pain. Acad Emerg Med. 2001 Dec;8(12):1153-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb01132.x. | |
| 25531837 | Background | Chang YH, Oh TH, Lee JW, Park SC, Seo IY, Jeong HJ, Kwon WA. Listening to music during transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy decreases anxiety, pain and dissatisfaction in patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Urol Int. 2015;94(3):337-41. doi: 10.1159/000368420. Epub 2014 Dec 18. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010146 | Pain |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| D010549 | Personal Satisfaction |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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| 26929606 | Background | Chiu LP, Tung HH, Lin KC, Lai YW, Chiu YC, Chen SS, Chiu AW. Effectiveness of stress management in patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2016 Feb 11;10:147-52. doi: 10.2147/PPA.S96991. eCollection 2016. |
| 27085561 | Background | Cho SW, Choi HJ. Effect of Music on Reducing Anxiety for Patients Undergoing Transrectal Ultrasound-Guided Prostate Biopsies: Randomized Prospective Trial. Urol J. 2016 Apr 16;13(2):2612-4. |
| 19098966 | Background | Chopra S, Rowe EW, Laniado M, Patel A. A prospective study analysing the effect of pain on probe insertion, and the biopsy strategy, on the patients' perception of pain during TRUS-guided biopsy of the prostate. N Z Med J. 2008 Dec 12;121(1287):39-43. |
| 29709434 | Background | Packiam VT, Nottingham CU, Cohen AJ, Eggener SE, Gerber GS. No Effect of Music on Anxiety and Pain During Transrectal Prostate Biopsies: A Randomized Trial. Urology. 2018 Jul;117:31-35. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2018.04.014. Epub 2018 Apr 27. |
| 22202544 | Background | Tsivian M, Qi P, Kimura M, Chen VH, Chen SH, Gan TJ, Polascik TJ. The effect of noise-cancelling headphones or music on pain perception and anxiety in men undergoing transrectal prostate biopsy. Urology. 2012 Jan;79(1):32-6. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2011.09.037. |
| D001519 | Behavior |