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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| American Pecan Council | OTHER |
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Background: To date, there are no published studies on the effects of pecans on vascular function following a high-fat meal.
Purpose: To examine the impact of daily pecan consumption for a 4-week period on vascular health and other markers of cardiovascular disease risk in aging adults.
This will be a randomized, controlled trial in men and postmenopausal women (50-75y). Subjects will be randomized into one of the two study groups: a control group (CON) following their usual diet, or intervention group (PECAN) following their usual diet but also consuming 68g/day of pecans as a snack.
There will be 3 visits: A Screening visit and a baseline and post-diet intervention visit (4-weeks). Anthropometrics, questionnaires, a fasting blood sample, and fasting vascular measures will be collected at each visit. Subjects will participate in a saturated fatty acid meal challenge in which additional blood, vascular measurements will be collected.
Hypothesis: Daily pecan consumption will result in improved fasting blood lipids, vascular measures, antioxidant status, and appetite compared to the control group. Additionally, also the PECAN group will result in improved postprandial blood lipids and vascular measures compared to the control group.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | No Intervention | Participants in this group avoid all nuts for 4-weeks | |
| PECAN | Experimental | Participants in this group consume 68 g of pecans/d with no other changes to their habitual diet and avoid all other nuts. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PECAN | Dietary Supplement | Raw pecan halves without other changes to their habitual diet. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in fasting and postprandial Flow-Mediated Dilation from baseline to 4 weeks | Flow-Mediated Dilation % | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Change in fasting and postprandial vessel diameter from baseline to 4 weeks | baseline diameter (mm) and peak dilation (mm) | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Change in fasting and postprandial reactive hyperemia velocity from baseline to 4 weeks | Baseline velocity (cm/s) and reactive hyperemia velocity (cm/s) | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Change in fasting and postprandial shear rate from baseline to 4 weeks | baseline shear rate (sec.-1) and reactive hyperemia shear rate (sec.-1) | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Change in fasting and postprandial Continuous-Wave Near-Infrared Spectrometry from baseline to 4 weeks | O2 desaturation rate (%.sec-1), and O2 resaturation rate (%.sec-1) | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in fasting blood lipids from baseline to 4 weeks | Total cholesterol (mg/dL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (mg/dL), triglycerides (mg/dL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (mg/dL), apolipoprotein B (mg/dL) | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Change in baseline weight at 4 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in fasting and postprandial composite cognitive function from baseline to 4 weeks | NIH tool box- Cognitive Battery (NIHTB-CB) computed- theta score for the sum of all subtests | Baseline and 4 weeks. Measured at fasting, and 30 minutes and 3.5 hours postprandial. |
| Change in fasting and postprandial Cognitive Battery Motivation from baseline to 4 weeks |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Georgia- Department of Foods and Nutrition | Athens | Georgia | 30605 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37638838 | Derived | Cogan B, Pearson RC, Jenkins NT, Paton CM, Cooper JA. A 4-Week Pecan-Enriched Diet Improves Postprandial Lipid Peroxidation in Aging Adults. J Med Food. 2023 Sep;26(9):654-662. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2023.0036. Epub 2023 Aug 28. | |
| 37344080 | Derived | Cogan B, Pearson RC, Jenkins NT, Paton CM, Cooper JA. A pecan-enriched diet reduced postprandial appetite intensity and enhanced peptide YY secretion: A randomized control trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2023 Aug;56:25-35. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.05.002. Epub 2023 May 8. |
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The plan is to share group averages through publication.
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weight (kg) |
| Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Change in baseline waist and hip circumference | waist and hip circumference (cm) | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Change in blood pressure from baseline to 4 weeks | Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg) | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Change in baseline total body fat percentage at 4 weeks | total body fat percentage (%) | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Change in fasting and postprandial insulin from baseline to 4 weeks | Insulin (uU/mL) | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Change in fasting and postprandial antioxidants from baseline to 4 weeks | Total antioxidant capacity (uM trolox equivalents) measured via Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Change in fasting and postprandial lipid peroxidation from baseline to 4 weeks | Malondialdehyde (MDA) (uM) measured via Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Change in fasting inflammation from baseline to 4 weeks | Interleukin-6 (pg/mL), C-reactive Protein (pg/mL), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (pg/mL), Plasminogen Activator-1 (pg/mL) | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Change in fasting and postprandial glucose and triglycerides from baseline to 4 weeks | Glucose (mg/dL) and triglycerides (mg/dL) | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Change in fasting and postprandial peptide YY, cholecystokinin (CCK), and ghrelin from baseline to 4 weeks | Peptide YY (pg/mL), CCK (pg/mL), ghrelin (pg/mL) | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Change in fasting and postprandial non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFA) from baseline to 4 weeks | NEFA (mEq/L) | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Change in fasting and postprandial hunger and satiety from baseline to 4 weeks | Hunger, fullness, prospective consumption, and desire to eat measured via a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) (mm). The range of scores on the continuous VAS is between 0mm (no hunger, fullness, prospective consumption and desire to eat) and 100mm (the greatest feeling of hunger, fullness, prospective consumption and desire to eat) | Baseline and 4 weeks |
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (mm). This continuous scale is anchored by either no motivation (0mm) or extremely motivated (100mm). |
| Baseline and 4 weeks. Measured at fasting, and 30 minutes and 3.5 hours postprandial. |
| Change in fasting and postprandial NIHTB-CB Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test, and Dimensional Change Card Sort Test from baseline to 4 weeks | NIHTB-CB computed scores ranging from 0-10; high score representing greater accuracy | Baseline and 4 weeks. Measured at fasting, and 30 minutes and 3.5 hours postprandial. |
| Change in fasting and postprandial NIHTB-CB Auditory Learning Test, Picture Sequence Memory Task and List Sorting Working Memory Test from baseline to 4 weeks | NIHTB-CB computed scores representing the number of correctly recalled items; higher scores indicating better memory. | Baseline and 4 weeks. Measured at fasting, and 30 minutes and 3.5 hours postprandial. |
| Change in Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index scores from baseline to 4 weeks | The scoring is out of 21 points, where a high score indicates poor sleep quality. | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Change in State Trait Anxiety Inventory scores from baseline to 4 weeks | The scoring is out of 80 points, where high score indicates higher levels of anxiety. | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| 36822079 | Derived | Cogan B, Pearson RC, Paton CM, Jenkins NT, Cooper JA. Pecan-enriched diet improves cholesterol profiles and enhances postprandial microvascular reactivity in older adults. Nutr Res. 2023 Mar;111:44-58. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.01.001. Epub 2023 Jan 31. |