Academic Performance and Refractive Error

The Associations of High Academic Performance With Childhood Ametropia Prevalence and Myopia Progression

Refractive errors constitute the leading cause of visual disability worldwide and that myopia progresses dramatically when students reach school age. Studies from different countries have reported inconsistent associations between educational outcomes and refractive errors. Therefore, our study aimed to assess the associations of high academic performance with ametropia prevalence and myopia progression in Chinese schoolchildren base on a multicohort observational design.

Inclusion Criteria:

• schoolchildren in the 1st to 9th grades

Exclusion Criteria:

• schoolchildren unwilling to participate
• had a history of wearing rigid contact lenses, medical treatment or diseases that could cause poor vision or negatively affect the academic outcomes
• with unreliable auto-refraction values