No funding

Male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is exceedingly common in the general population. Stereotypically, male LUTS have long been attributed to the prostate. However, recent attention has been directed to the bladder dysfunction as a cause of LUTS. LUTS also shares has a close relationship with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), diabetes and metabolic syndrome. These problems could lead to various end-organ damages, via diverse mechanisms, with central arterial stiffness (CAS) is one of them. Amongst the abundant methods for the measurement of CAS, brachial-ankle Pulse Wave Velocity (baPWV) has been shown to be a simple and an accurate approach and is widely used clinically.

From investigators' preliminary work, investigators had shown that baPWV is correlated with the baseline voiding function and voided volume. Investigators postulate that CVD and related diseases would increase CAS, which in turn could cause insult to the urinary bladder. Inevitably, it would lead to bladder dysfunction and LUTS. In the wake of this postulation, a study to investigate the relationship of CAS and the progression of male LUTS is proposed.

Male-LUTS are prevalent, cause bother and impair quality of life (QoL). Not only does it adversely affect the quality of life of men, it is also closely interrelated with many substantial salient medical conditions. LUTS is strongly associated with ageing. The perpetual increase in aging population in Hong Kong and globally, will reflect and amount to the associated costs and relentlessly surmounting burden on the management of the condition in the future. In light of this, better understanding and management of male-LUTS is important for this major health issue.

Stereotypically, male LUTS have long been attributed to be secondary to prostatic enlargement and resulting from its obstruction. However, increasingly conflicting evidences have suggested that LUTS are often unrelated to the prostate. In fact, more attention has been directed to the dysfunction of the bladder, the reservoir and pump of the voiding system, could also contribute a significant component of LUTS, in both male and female. Bladder dysfunction includes detrusor overactivity (overactive bladder), detrusor underactivity (underactive bladder), as well as other structural or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract and its surrounding tissues. Moreover, there are also many other non-urological conditions which can account for urinary symptoms, especially nocturia.As a result, the current concept of managing male LUTS, has expanded from focusing on the prostate to the bladder and even taking into account the perspective of the patient's medical and health condition as a whole.

There are numerous postulated mechanisms to explain the relationship between these medical conditions and LUTS, including sympathetic overtone, release of growth factors / proinflammation markers to stimulate prostate growth, vascular damage to bladder, etc. However, most of them were reported by cross-sectional studies from which the underlying mechanism cannot be proven and the cause and effect relationships cannot be established. Hence, the time / dose relationship between the proposed mechanisms and the development or progression of male LUTS cannot be confirmed. As a result, the exact mechanism leading to development or progression of male LUTS in patients with CVD / DM / MS is still uncertain.

From investigators' preliminary work, investigators had shown that baPWV is correlated with the baseline voiding function and voided volume. Investigators postulate that CVD and related diseases would increase CAS, which in turn could cause insult to the urinary bladder. Inevitably, it would lead to bladder dysfunction and LUTS. In the wake of this postulation, a study to investigate the relationship of CAS and the progression of male LUTS is proposed.

The objectives of the study are: to study the effects of central arterial stiffness on the progression of male bladder dysfunction, nocturia, storage symptoms and voiding symptoms and to explore the effects of central arterial stiffness on the development of complication(s) and the need of surgical intervention in male patients with lower urinary tract symptoms.

400 adult male subjects aged between 40 and 80 years old with non-neurogenic LUTS will be recruited for the study. Having fulfilled all inclusion and exclusion criteria, subjects will then undergo a series of investigation, including bladder diary and baPWV assessment. BaPWV will be measured by an automated machine using the oscillometric cuff technique.

Follow-up assessment will then be arranged at first and second year following the recruitment. During their re-assessment, medical record will be reviewed and the same set of assessment, including bladder diary and baPWV, will be repeated. The changes in voiding function and those of treatment modalities will be correlated with the baseline baPWV and other parameters.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adult male subject aged between 40 and 80 years old.
• Able to consent to the study

Exclusion Criteria:

• Have LUTS secondary to urethral stricture, neurogenic bladder or other structural abnormality
• Have known history of prostate cancer or bladder cancer
• Have been using 5α-reductase inhibitors for the management of male LUTS
• Have history of previous lower urinary tract (bladder, prostate, urethra) surgery or scheduled to have upcoming surgery
• Have history of other pelvic surgery that may affect voiding
• Have bladder stones or an active urinary tract infection within 8 weeks prior to recruitment for the study
• Subject is unable to complete questionnaires adopted in the study

400 adult male subjects aged between 40 and 80 years old with non-neurogenic LUTS will be recruited for the study.