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Objectives: To determine the outcome trajectories of patients with hypertension (HT) and/or diabetes mellitus (DM), and evaluate the long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the Risk Assessment and Management Programmes (RAMP) and other primary care services such as Patient Support Call Centre (PSCC) on reducing complications and mortality
Design: Population-based cohort study
Setting: Hospital Authority (HA) primary care clinics Participants: All patients aged ≥18 years with DM or HT managed in HA primary care clinics between 2006 and 2021
Main outcome measures: (1) incidence of DM/HT-related complications (cardiovascular disease, end-stage renal disease, retinopathy, neuropathy and all-cause mortality); (2) service utilization (out-patient clinics, Accident and Emergency and overnight hospitalizations); (3) Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio per complications or all-cause death avoided, and per QALY gained by RAMP or PSCC.
Methods: A naturalistic cohort study (maximum 10-year follow-up) and retrospective data extraction from the HA clinical management system (CMS) database will be conducted to identify and correlate outcome trajectories of HT and/or DM patients with personal, service delivery and process of care factors. Outcomes of propensity score matched cohorts who have and have not participated in the programmes will be compared. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression and Poisson/negative binomial regression will be conducted to evaluate the effect of RAMP, PSCC and other primary care services on the risk of complications, mortality and service utilization. Empirical costs and effectiveness data will be used to calculate cost-effectiveness from the provider's perspective.
Significance: Findings will inform how to optimize service delivery for HT/DM patients in Hong Kong
A naturalistic cohort study with a maximum follow-up period of 10 years, and retrospective extraction of relevant data from the HA clinical management system (CMS) database, designed as four sub-studies:-
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sub-study 1: Trajectory study | All HA primary care patients aged 18 years or above with doctor-documented HT and/or DM receiving care in HA General Out-patient Clinics or Family Medicine Clinics (FMC) identified from the HA CMS database between 2006 and 2019, to explore the trajectory patterns for clinical, treatment and complication profiles and investigate the impact of multi-morbidity, continuity-of-care, different service delivery models and management strategies (including investigation frequency and specific drug regimens) on outcomes and health service utilization. |
| |
| Sub-study 2: RAMP-DM | A cohort of patients with i) diagnosis of DM without any known complications on or before September 2010 and ii) Documented management in the HA General Out-Patient Clinics (GOPC) and Family Medicine Clinics (FMC) identified from the HA CMS database between 2009 and 2019, who attended the first RAMP-DM assessment between August 2009 to September 2010 |
| |
| Sub-study 2: usual care only | A cohort of patients with i) diagnosis of DM without any known complications on or before September 2010 and ii) Documented management in the HA General Out-Patient Clinics (GOPC) and Family Medicine Clinics (FMC) identified from the HA CMS database between 2009 and 2019, who have never attended any RAMP-DM assessment between August, 2009 to December, 2019 | ||
| Sub-study 3: RAMP-HT | A cohort of patients with i) diagnosis of HT without DM and any known complications on or before March 2013 and ii) Documented management in the HA General Out-Patient Clinics (GOPC) and Family Medicine Clinics (FMC) identified from the HA CMS database between 2011 and 2021, who attended the first RAMP-HT assessment between October 2011 to March 2013 |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Different structures and processes of primary care management strategies | Procedure | Different structures and processes of primary care management strategies includes: Multi-morbidity, continuity-of-care, different service delivery models and management strategies (i.e. investigation frequency and specific drug regimens) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Incidence of DM/HT-related complications (cardiovascular disease, end-stage renal disease, retinopathy, neuropathy and all-cause mortality) | The disease are defined by the diagnosis codes International Classification of Primary Care, Second edition or International Classification of Diseases,Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification. | 10 years |
| Service utilization rate (out-patient clinics, Accident and Emergency and hospitalizations) | Based on the electronic health record from Hong Kong Hospital Authority | 10 years |
| Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio per DM/HT-related complication or all-cause death avoided, and per QALY gained by RAMP or PSCC | The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), that is the ratio of the incremental costs of the RAMP group over the incremental effectiveness, will be calculated for each complication event, or death avoided, and per QALY gain. | 10 years |
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Inclusion Criteria:
(Trajectory study)
All patients aged 18 years or above with a documented doctor-diagnosed DM or HT between 2006 and 2019.
Documented management in the HA GOPC or FMC identified from the HA CM database between 2006 and 2019.
(10-year CEA study on RAMP-DM)
Documented diagnosis of DM without any known complications on or before September 2010
Documented management in the HA GOPC and FMC identified from the HA CMS database between 2009 and 2019,
Patients who attended the first RAMP-DM assessment between August 2009 to September 2010 for inclusion in the RAMP-DM cohort
Patients who have never attended any RAMP-DM assessment between August 2009 to December 2019 for inclusion in the usual care only cohort
(10-year CEA study on RAMP-HT)
Documented diagnosis of HT without DM and any known complications on or before March 2013
Documented management in the HA GOPC and FMC identified from the HA CMS database between 2011 and 2021,
Patients who attended the first RAMP-HT assessment between October 2011 to March 2013 for inclusion in the RAMP-HT cohort
Patients who have never attended any RAMP-HT assessment between October 2011 to December 2021 for inclusion in the usual care only cohort
(5-year CEA study on PSCC)
Documented diagnosis of DM without any known complications on or before August 2016
Documented management in the HA GOPC and FMC identified from the HA CMS database between 2012 and 2021,
Patients who attended the first RAMP-DM assessment between September 2012 to August 2016
Patients who received the first PSCC call between September 2012 to August 2016 after the first RAMP-DM assessment for inclusion in the PSCC cohort
Patients who have never received any PSCC services between September 2012 to December 2021 for inclusion in the RAMP only cohort
Exclusion Criteria:
(applicable to all sub-studies)
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Cindy L.K. Lam, MD | Professor and Head of Department of Family Medicine & Primary Care, HKU | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Department of Family Medicine & Primary Care, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong | Hong Kong | Hong Kong | China |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33550225 | Derived | Wan EYF, Chin WY, Yu EYT, Chen J, Tse ETY, Wong CKH, Ha TKH, Chao DVK, Tsui WWS, Lam CLK. Retrospective cohort study to investigate the 10-year trajectories of disease patterns in patients with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus on subsequent cardiovascular outcomes and health service utilisation: a study protocol. BMJ Open. 2021 Feb 5;11(2):e038775. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038775. |
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|
| Sub-study 3: usual care only | A cohort of patients with i) diagnosis of HT without DM and any known complications on or before March 2013 and ii) Documented management in the HA General Out-Patient Clinics (GOPC) and Family Medicine Clinics (FMC) identified from the HA CMS database between 2011 and 2021, who have never attended any RAMP-HT assessment between October 2011 to December 2021 |
| Sub-study 4: PSCC | A cohort of patients with i) diagnosis of DM without any known complications on or before August 2016, ii) Documented management in the HA General Out-Patient Clinics (GOPC) and Family Medicine Clinics (FMC) identified from the HA CMS database between 2012 and 2021 iii) attended the first RAMP-DM assessment between September, 2012 to August, 2016, who have received the first PSCC call between September, 2012 to August, 2016 after the first RAMP-DM assessment |
|
| Sub-study 4: without PSCC | A cohort of patients with i) diagnosis of DM without any known complications on or before August 2016, ii) Documented management in the HA General Out-Patient Clinics (GOPC) and Family Medicine Clinics (FMC) identified from the HA CMS database between 2012 and 2021 iii) attended the first RAMP-DM assessment between September, 2012 to August, 2016, who have never received any PSCC services between September 2012 to December 2021 |
|
| Multi-disciplinary Risk Factor Assessment and Management Programmes for diabetes (RAMP-DM) | Procedure | Under the Multi-disciplinary Risk Factor Assessment and Management Programmes (RAMP) for diabetes (RAMP-DM), multi-disciplinary teams of health care professionals (doctors, nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, opticians etc) were established at designated GOPCs. All DM patients are eligible to enrol into the DM RAMP programmes. Each patient in the RAMP receives a comprehensive risk factor and complication screening to determine his/her overall cardiovascular risk and presence of modifiable risk factors, and according to their risk level and need, the patient may receive additional interventions such as additional counselling by the nurse or additional consultations with a senior doctor. |
|
| Multi-disciplinary Risk Factor Assessment and Management Programmes for hypertension (RAMP-HT) | Procedure | Under the Multi-disciplinary Risk Factor Assessment and Management Programmes (RAMP) for hypertension (RAMP-HT), multi-disciplinary teams of health care professionals (doctors, nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, opticians etc) were established at designated GOPCs. All HT patients are eligible to enrol into the HT RAMP programmes. Each patient in the RAMP receives a comprehensive risk factor and complication screening to determine his/her overall cardiovascular risk and presence of modifiable risk factors, and according to their risk level and need, the patient may receive additional interventions such as additional counselling by the nurse or additional consultations with a senior doctor. |
|
| Patient Support Call Centre (PSCC) | Procedure | RAMP Patients can also be referred to the Patient Empowerment Programme(PEP) - a structured self-care education programme delivered by non-governmental organisations(NGOs). If the DM control is suboptimal but the patient is unable to attend the PEP, they may be referred to the Patient Support Call Centre(PSCC) service. PSCC provides individualized telephone counselling by trained nurses. PSCC empowers high-risk DM patients to engage in self-care behaviours by providing regular protocol-led telephone support to advise and reinforce healthy behaviours. Targeted self-care behaviours include self-monitoring, medication management, balanced diet, exercise, risk factor reduction, problem solving and healthy coping. Enrolled patients receive weekly to bi-weekly calls in the first 3 months and additional calls as required for a maximum of 9 months. Subsequent follow-up calls are undertaken to assess self-care behaviours related to the selected goals and to develop a care plan with the patient. |
|
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006973 | Hypertension |
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| D051436 | Renal Insufficiency, Chronic |
| D003643 | Death |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
| D051437 | Renal Insufficiency |
| D007674 | Kidney Diseases |
| D014570 | Urologic Diseases |
| D052776 | Female Urogenital Diseases |
| D005261 | Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications |
| D000091642 | Urogenital Diseases |
| D052801 | Male Urogenital Diseases |
| D002908 | Chronic Disease |
| D020969 | Disease Attributes |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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