The purpose of this research is to understand biomarkers of human memory through correlational analyses and to use focal electrical stimulation as a causal manipulation to understand how biomarkers of memory relate to other brain states and behavioral measures.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Expected to undergo intracranial implantation and postoperative electroencephalographic monitoring as part of a standard clinical procedure for the treatment of pharmacologically resistant epilepsy
2. Age 18 or older

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Any physical or cognitive disability or illness that would limit their ability to perform cognitive tasks
2. Any medical condition that would, in the investigator's opinion, limit the subject's participation in the study.
3. Unable or unwilling to provide informed consent
4. MRI contraindications

Standard clinical care includes a pregnancy test for female patients prior to the surgical implantation of the electrodes. Pregnant women are not surgically implanted.

De-identified data will be shared in a public repository at regular intervals during the project. De-identified data sets will be anonymized prior to posting on the public repository. These de-identified data are likely to be analyzed for secondary purposes other than those described in this protocol (e.g. seizure prediction). Shared data will include, at a minimum, digital spreadsheets used to summarize all participant behavioral data. De-identified electrophysiology data, demographic information, electrode localization information, and task information (e.g. timing of each trial, timing of responses) will be shared in a central repository. Descriptions of the tasks and stimuli will be shared. De-identified references to individual participant data may also appear in scientific journal publications or presented at scientific meetings.

Study data will become available within six months of publication of the relevant results, with no planned expiration.

Data is freely available, will require a formal request for access.