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Loss of limits of stability ability is one of the major components of balance dysfunction in MS. The functional reach test is quick and clinically available tool for assessing limits of stability but reliability and validity of this test has not yet been systematically examined in people with Multiple Sclerosis.The aim of the study is to investigate reliability and validity of the functional reach test in patients with Multiple Sclerosis.
At baseline, the functional reach test, limits of stability test by using Biodex Balance System, Berg Balance Scale, four step square test, and timed up and go test was applied to the patients with Multiple Sclerosis. The functional reach test was repeated after seven days from the first application to evaluate its reliability.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Multiple Sclerosis | Functional Reach Test: It measures the maximum distance an individual is able to reach forward beyond arm's length in the standing position when maintaining a fixed base of support. Biodex Balance System: Biodex Balance System is used to evaluate limits of stability. The limits of stability test consists of standing on the platform and leaning in eight directions to make a cursor displayed on the system's screen hit a target. Berg Balance Scale: It has 14 items, each of which is scored from 0 (i.e, severely impaired balance) to 4 (i.e., no balance impairment). Timed Up and Go test: It requires individual to stand up from an armed chair, walk 3m, turn around, walk back to the armed chair, and sit down again. Four square step test: It requires an individual to step over obstacles in various directions including forward, backward, and sideways. |
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| Healthy People | Functional Reach Test: It measures the maximum distance an individual is able to reach forward beyond arm's length in the standing position when maintaining a fixed base of support. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Functional Reach Test | Other | The Functional Reach Test assesses balance by measuring the limits of stability while the patient reaches forwards as far as possible, having the arms in 90° flexion and without lifting the heels off the floor. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Functional Reach Test | Functional Reach Test is clinically used to assess limits of stability. | 30 seconds |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Biodex Balance System | Biodex Balance System is used to assess limits of stability. | 2 minutes |
| Berg Balance Scale | Berg Balance Scale is used to assess functional balance. Berg Balance Scale is a 14-item related to daily living activities that is scored between 0 and 4. The maximum score is 56 points and higher scores represent better balance. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Patients with Multiple Sclerosis who apply to Gazi University, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation will be invited to this study.
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fatih Söke | Ankara | 06560 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25960358 | Background | Ganesan M, Kanekar N, Aruin AS. Direction-specific impairments of limits of stability in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2015 Jun;58(3):145-50. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2015.04.002. Epub 2015 May 8. | |
| 30482317 | Background | Cameron MH, Nilsagard Y. Balance, gait, and falls in multiple sclerosis. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;159:237-250. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63916-5.00015-X. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009103 | Multiple Sclerosis |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020278 | Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS |
| D020274 | Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D003711 | Demyelinating Diseases |
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| 10 minutes |
| Four Square Step Test | Four Square Step Test is used to assess dynamic balance. | 20 seconds |
| Timed Up and Go Test | Timed Up and Go Test is used to assess functional mobility. | 15 seconds |
| 22951711 | Background | Martins EF, de Menezes LT, de Sousa PH, de Araujo Barbosa PH, Costa AS. Reliability of the Functional Reach Test and the influence of anthropometric characteristics on test results in subjects with hemiparesis. NeuroRehabilitation. 2012;31(2):161-9. doi: 10.3233/NRE-2012-0786. |
| 18608433 | Background | Katz-Leurer M, Fisher I, Neeb M, Schwartz I, Carmeli E. Reliability and validity of the modified functional reach test at the sub-acute stage post-stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2009;31(3):243-8. doi: 10.1080/09638280801927830. |
| 9474105 | Background | Lynch SM, Leahy P, Barker SP. Reliability of measurements obtained with a modified functional reach test in subjects with spinal cord injury. Phys Ther. 1998 Feb;78(2):128-33. doi: 10.1093/ptj/78.2.128. |
| 1573190 | Background | Duncan PW, Studenski S, Chandler J, Prescott B. Functional reach: predictive validity in a sample of elderly male veterans. J Gerontol. 1992 May;47(3):M93-8. doi: 10.1093/geronj/47.3.m93. |
| 2229941 | Background | Duncan PW, Weiner DK, Chandler J, Studenski S. Functional reach: a new clinical measure of balance. J Gerontol. 1990 Nov;45(6):M192-7. doi: 10.1093/geronj/45.6.m192. |
| D001327 | Autoimmune Diseases |
| D007154 | Immune System Diseases |