Substance P as a Biomarker to Evaluate the Reduction of Multiple Immunization Pain

Substance P as a Biomarker to Evaluate the Reduction of Multiple Immunization Pain Among Infants and Toddlers: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Immunization is one of the most significant preventive health measures in reducing morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases. Studies have shown that Sucrose is recommended to reduce pain associated with vaccination in neonates. The main aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of sucrose in reducing infant's pain outcomes during immunization among 10-24 month-old infants and toddlers.

Inclusion Criteria:

• All healthy children who were attending immunization clinic to have their 10-24 month immunization were invited to this study

Exclusion Criteria:

• Exclusion criteria included children: whose parents choose to breastfeed during immunization, who have received an analgesia in the previous 24 hours including Paracetamol (so as not to affect the response to painful stimuli during immunization), who cannot receive their immunization due to the presence of immunization risk factors as determined by the immunization nurse, who are not able to receive a sugar solution, and whose parents refuse to participate.