The purpose of this study is to evaluate if folic acid improves endothelial sensitivity to shear stress in post-menopausal women.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have remained the leading cause of death globally for the last 15 years. Considering that advancing age is the primary risk factor for CVD, an increasingly aging population is expected to result in unprecedented levels of CVD. It therefore remains crucial to develop effective prevention or treatment strategies to reduce the impending health and economic burden of CVD.

Exercise is arguably the best intervention for the prevention and/or treatment of CVD. A key adaptation underlying the cardiovascular benefits of exercise is to offset and reverse age-related reductions in vascular function. Studies have demonstrated, at least in men, that active older adults demonstrate preserved vascular function relative to their sedentary peers and that exercise training interventions improve vascular function in previously sedentary older adults. However, these studies have almost exclusively been performed in men. In contrast, the few studies performed in older women consistently demonstrate that active women do not demonstrate preserved vascular function relative to their sedentary peers and that exercise training interventions do not improve vascular function in previously sedentary women. This observation has been attributed to the loss of oestrogens that accompanies menopause. Although the mechanisms have not been fully elicited, it is possible that the loss of oestrogens desensitizes the endothelium to the physiological stimuli that result in improved vascular function with exercise training. Indeed, exercise improves vascular function in previously sedentary older women when it is combined with oestrogen replacement. Nevertheless, chronic oestrogen replacement therapy is not a viable intervention as it is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Alternative solutions to restore the beneficial effects of exercise on vascular function in post-menopausal women are thus urgently needed.

The overall objective of this project is to determine if folic acid, an over-the-counter supplement that has been shown to provide beneficial vascular adaptations, can be used to improve vascular function in post-menopausal women. It is hypothesized that folic acid will improve blood vessel function in post-menopausal women and age-matched males.

Inclusion Criteria:

• ≥ 1-year amenorrhea
• Body mass index ≤ 30 kg/m2
• Resting blood pressure < 140 / < 90 mmHg
• Non-smoker (≥ 1-year)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosis of cardiac, vascular, respiratory, neurological or metabolic disease and/or a prescription of medications for the treatment of such diseases.
• For female participants, hormonal replacement therapy within 1 year of enrolment in the study.
• For female participants, having undergone an ovariectomy.

All individual data will be de-identified and available to the public through publications, media articles and conference presentations