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This single-blind prospective study is aimed to investigate the effect of antihistamine as an adjunctive sedative for the patients with histories of severe paradoxical reaction to midazolam during sedative endoscopy. Participating patients are to receive antihistamine intravenously in addition to midazolam. The primary outcome is the reduction of paradoxical reaction in the antihistamine combination group. The secondary outcome is to compare sedation quality, performance quality, reduction of total midazolam dose will be analyzed between antihistamine combination and midazolam only group.
The present study will be conducted at Seoul National University Hospital Gangnam center between May 2019 and April 2020. Participants who have histories of paradoxical reaction to sedative endoscopy in medical record gave consent on the day of the endoscopy and were assigned to receive the combination of chlorpheniramine (4-6mg) with midazolam(1-10mg) Meanwhile, the patients do not want the use of chlorpheniramine and were assigned to midazolam alone as routine clinical practice. Research medication (chlorpheniramine) was administered 2 to 3 minutes before the administration of midazolam outside of endoscopy room. The blinded endoscopist and assistant nurse are going to perform induction for moderate sedation using incremental doses of the intravenous midazolam (1-2 mg) given every 2 minutes. The endoscopists and assistant nurses will assess the occurrence of severe paradoxical reaction (Grade 3) and other major quality outcomes (procedure/intubation time, sedation quality, completeness of procedure [10 Key image documentation], the satisfaction of procedure, side effects). The endoscopists and nurses will individually rate outcome measure using a 5-point Likert scale.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| antihistamine combination | Experimental | Participants in this group will get combination chlorpheniramine and midazolam injection for sedative endoscopy. |
|
| midazolam | Placebo Comparator | Participants in this group will get only midazolam injection for sedative endoscopy |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorpheniramine and midazolam | Drug | Administration of chlorpheniramine injection as an adjunctive sedative during sedative endoscopy. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Occurrence of severe paradoxical reaction (>= level 3) | (1) irrational talking or increased talkativeness such as mumbling to himself/herself; (2) restlessness or loss of cooperation such as resisting the insertion of endoscope or trying to bite the scope; (3) excessive movement requiring repositioning such as jerking or swinging movements of the arms and legs or trying to draw out the scope or mouthpiece; and (4) hostile action such as trying to strike the endoscopists or attending nurses. | 1 day |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| procedure/intubation time | procedural time (time from scope insertion to scope out) Intubation time (time from scope insertion to upper esophagus) | 1 day |
| Dose of midazolam | total amount of benzodiazepine |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital | Seoul | South Korea |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28159539 | Result | Sachar H, Pichetshote N, Nandigam K, Vaidya K, Laine L. Continued midazolam versus diphenhydramine in difficult-to-sedate patients: a randomized double-blind trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2018 May;87(5):1297-1303. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2017.01.028. Epub 2017 Jan 31. | |
| 29689257 | Result | Nusrat S, Madhoun MF, Tierney WM. Use of diphenhydramine as an adjunctive sedative for colonoscopy in patients on chronic opioid therapy: a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2018 Oct;88(4):695-702. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2018.04.2342. Epub 2018 Apr 22. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002744 | Chlorpheniramine |
| D008874 | Midazolam |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010632 | Pheniramine |
| D011725 | Pyridines |
| D006573 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
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| Midazolam | Drug | Administration of midazolam as a sedative during sedative endoscopy as routine clinical practice. |
|
| 1 day |
| completeness of procedure | photo documentation of key anatomical area | 1 day |
| Satisfaction for Quality of sedation | 5-point Likert scale : endoscopists and assistant nurses
| 1 day |
| Satisfaction for the procedure | 5-point Likert scale for pain and sedation: patients
| 1 day |
| adverse events | hypoxia, arrythmia, low blood pressure and administration of antidote | 1 day |
| 24893689 | Result | Tae CH, Kang KJ, Min BH, Ahn JH, Kim S, Lee JH, Rhee PL, Kim JJ. Paradoxical reaction to midazolam in patients undergoing endoscopy under sedation: Incidence, risk factors and the effect of flumazenil. Dig Liver Dis. 2014 Aug;46(8):710-5. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2014.04.007. Epub 2014 Jun 2. |
| 16377322 | Result | Tu RH, Grewall P, Leung JW, Suryaprasad AG, Sheykhzadeh PI, Doan C, Garcia JC, Zhang N, Prindiville T, Mann S, Trudeau W. Diphenhydramine as an adjunct to sedation for colonoscopy: a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006 Jan;63(1):87-94. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2005.08.015. |
| D001569 |
| Benzodiazepines |
| D001552 | Benzazepines |
| D006574 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring |
| D000072471 | Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring |