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This project aims to combat excessive perceived norms that contribute to high volume drinking by young adults, which adversely affects health and academic achievement. Campus-specific survey data will be used to craft accurate, pro-moderation campus norms, and deliver them to first-year students via daily text messages during the first semester of college. It is predicted that those receiving regular exposure to pro-moderation drinking norms will reduce their alcohol consumption and consequences, relative to students who receive non-alcohol-related control texts. This preliminary evaluation uses a novel method of delivering drinking norms and will lay the groundwork for future efforts to scale up this novel alcohol misuse prevention approach.
Using mobile technology that most students already have in their pockets, this study evaluates a novel use of text messages to change campus drinking norms. The aim is to correct exaggerated perceptions of drinking norms, and thereby reduce excessive drinking, by delivering daily text messages representing accurate, campus-specific, pro-moderation descriptive norms (what others do) and injunctive norms (what others approve of). It is predicted that with repeated exposure over time, this information will compete with other sources of normative information to which students are exposed during their first year of college. This exploratory study is designed to develop and refine message content and to pilot test the delivery methods.
First year students (N=120) who are underage but report risky drinking (>4/day or >14/week for men; >3/day or >7/week for women) will be randomly assigned to two conditions differing by text content: alcohol norms or attention control. All will receive daily text messages throughout 10 weeks in the first semester of college. Process measures, 3-month post-test, and 3-month follow-up assessments will yield feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcome data to inform future larger scale randomized trials. Specifically, baseline, post-test, and 3-month follow-up assessments will allow us to test the hypotheses that the corrective norms intervention will reduce (a) perceived descriptive and injunctive norms, (b) drinking behavior (including high-volume drinking and risky consumption practices), and (c) alcohol-related consequences, and increase (d) protective behavioral strategies, relative to the control condition.
At the end of this project the investigative team will have gathered data on both descriptive and injunctive norms on a range of drinking behaviors to identify topics in need of corrective normative feedback, refined the structure and content of the text messages, and pilot tested the text-delivered intervention in a small scale randomized controlled trial (RCT). The proposed research will provide evidence of feasibility and efficacy of a text-based alcohol norms intervention for reducing excessive drinking among first-year students.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol texts | Experimental | Participants assigned to this arm will receive a text message each day for 10 weeks, containing factual information about campus drinking norms. |
|
| Attention control | Placebo Comparator | Participants assigned to this arm will receive a text message each day for 10 weeks, containing "this day in history" facts. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol texts | Behavioral | A text message each day for 10 weeks, containing factual information about campus drinking norms. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Drinks Per Week as Assessed by the Daily Drinking Questionnaire | Sum of standard drinks consumed on each day in a typical week over the past 30 days; scores can be as low as zero but there is no upper limit as they are counts of drinks | Assessed over prior 30 days at 3 month follow-up |
| Alcohol-related Consequences as Assessed by the Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire | The total number of alcohol-related consequences experienced over the past 30 days is measured by the Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (BYAACQ), which is a checklist of 24 items; scores range from 0-24; higher numbers of items endorsed indicate more problems experienced in the past 30 days | Assessed over prior 30 days at 3 month follow-up |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Protective Behavioral Strategies as Assessed by the Strategies Questionnaire - Alternative Sub Scale | self-reported frequency of using strategies to moderate drinking as reported on the Strategy Questionnaire; the Strategy Questionnaire has 3 sub scales including Selective Avoidance (0-70), Strategies While Drinking (0-100), and Alternatives to Drinking (0-40) and higher sub scale scores indicate more frequent use of those strategies |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
* currently engaged in alcohol treatment or in need of treatment (AUDIT score 20 or higher)
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brown University | Providence | Rhode Island | 02903 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 32118463 | Derived | Carey KB, Merrill JE, Boyle HK, Barnett NP. Correcting exaggerated drinking norms with a mobile message delivery system: Selective prevention with heavy-drinking first-year college students. Psychol Addict Behav. 2020 May;34(3):454-464. doi: 10.1037/adb0000566. Epub 2020 Mar 2. |
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After all data have been collected and results of the study have been published, de-identified data will be made available to other qualified investigators upon request. The request will be evaluated by the investigators to ensure that it meets reasonable expectations of scientific integrity.
within one year of study completion, for up to 3 years
to be determined
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Eligibility was determined via an online screening survey distributed by email during the first few weeks of the fall 2018 semester to all first-year students enrolled at the university. Eligible participants were directed to an online consent form and then emailed a link to an online baseline survey.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Alcohol Texts | Participants assigned to this arm will receive a text message each day for 10 weeks, containing factual information about campus drinking norms. Alcohol texts: A text message each day for 10 weeks, containing factual information about campus drinking norms. |
| FG001 | Attention Control | Participants assigned to this arm will receive a text message each day for 10 weeks, containing "this day in history" facts. Attention control: A text message each day for 10 weeks, containing "this day in history" facts. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Alcohol Texts | Participants assigned to this arm will receive a text message each day for 10 weeks, containing factual information about campus drinking norms. Alcohol texts: A text message each day for 10 weeks, containing factual information about campus drinking norms. |
| BG001 | Attention Control |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Drinks Per Week as Assessed by the Daily Drinking Questionnaire | Sum of standard drinks consumed on each day in a typical week over the past 30 days; scores can be as low as zero but there is no upper limit as they are counts of drinks | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | drinks per week | Assessed over prior 30 days at 3 month follow-up |
|
6 months
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Alcohol Texts | Participants assigned to this arm will receive a text message each day for 10 weeks, containing factual information about campus drinking norms. Alcohol texts: A text message each day for 10 weeks, containing factual information about campus drinking norms. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kate B. Carey | Brown University School of Public Health | 4018636558 | kate_carey@brown.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Sep 21, 2020 | Sep 21, 2020 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Aug 6, 2018 | Aug 27, 2020 | ICF_001.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000067292 | Alcohol Drinking in College |
| D000437 | Alcoholism |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000428 | Alcohol Drinking |
| D004327 | Drinking Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D019973 | Alcohol-Related Disorders |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000431 | Ethanol |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000438 | Alcohols |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
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| Attention control | Behavioral | A text message each day for 10 weeks, containing "this day in history" facts. |
|
| Assessed over prior 30 days at 3 month follow-up |
| Perceived Descriptive Drinking Norms as Assessed by the Drinking Norms Rating Form | perceived descriptive norms are assessed using a variation on the Drinking Norms Rating Form, which asks respondents to estimate the number of standard drinks consumed by other students on campus for each day in a typical week in the past 30 days; daily estimates are summed to yield perceived number of drinks per week for student peers; range of scores can go from zero to no upper limit | Assessed over prior 30 days at 3 month follow-up |
| Perceived Injunctive Drinking Norms as Assessed by an Adaptation of the Drinking Norms Rating Form | perceived injunctive norms are assessed using the Krieger et al. (2016) adaptation of the Drinking Norms Rating Form, which asks respondents to estimate the how many standard drinks is deemed acceptable by other students on campus to drink on each day in a typical week in the past 30 days; estimates are summed to yield number of drinks per week approved of by student peers; the scores can range from zero to no upper limit | Assessed over prior 30 days at 3 month follow-up |
| Protective Behavioral Strategies as Assessed by the Strategies Questionnaire - Selective Avoidance Sub Scale | self-reported frequency of using strategies to moderate drinking as reported on the Strategy Questionnaire; the Strategy Questionnaire has 3 sub scales including Selective Avoidance (0-70), Strategies While Drinking (0-100), and Alternatives to Drinking (0-40) and higher sub scale scores indicate more frequent use of those strategies | Assessed over prior 30 days at 3 month follow-up |
| Protective Behavioral Strategies as Assessed by the Strategies Questionnaire - Strategies Sub Scale | self-reported frequency of using strategies to moderate drinking as reported on the Strategy Questionnaire; the Strategy Questionnaire has 3 sub scales including Selective Avoidance (0-70), Strategies While Drinking (0-100), and Alternatives to Drinking (0-40) and higher sub scale scores indicate more frequent use of those strategies | Assessed over prior 30 days at 3 month follow-up |
Participants assigned to this arm will receive a text message each day for 10 weeks, containing "this day in history" facts. Attention control: A text message each day for 10 weeks, containing "this day in history" facts. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
|
| Age, Continuous | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| Drinks per week | Drinks per week as measured by the Daily Drinking Questionnaire. Drinks per week is determined by counting up the typical number of drinks entered on each of the 7 days of the week, to get a sum. | Mean | Standard Deviation | drinks per week |
|
| Alcohol-related consequences | Alcohol-related consequences are a count of the number of items endorsed on the 24-item Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire. The range is 0-24, and represents the number of consequences experienced over the last month. | Mean | Standard Deviation | consequences |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Alcohol-related Consequences as Assessed by the Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire | The total number of alcohol-related consequences experienced over the past 30 days is measured by the Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (BYAACQ), which is a checklist of 24 items; scores range from 0-24; higher numbers of items endorsed indicate more problems experienced in the past 30 days | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | consequences | Assessed over prior 30 days at 3 month follow-up |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Protective Behavioral Strategies as Assessed by the Strategies Questionnaire - Alternative Sub Scale | self-reported frequency of using strategies to moderate drinking as reported on the Strategy Questionnaire; the Strategy Questionnaire has 3 sub scales including Selective Avoidance (0-70), Strategies While Drinking (0-100), and Alternatives to Drinking (0-40) and higher sub scale scores indicate more frequent use of those strategies | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Assessed over prior 30 days at 3 month follow-up |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Perceived Descriptive Drinking Norms as Assessed by the Drinking Norms Rating Form | perceived descriptive norms are assessed using a variation on the Drinking Norms Rating Form, which asks respondents to estimate the number of standard drinks consumed by other students on campus for each day in a typical week in the past 30 days; daily estimates are summed to yield perceived number of drinks per week for student peers; range of scores can go from zero to no upper limit | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | drinks per week | Assessed over prior 30 days at 3 month follow-up |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Perceived Injunctive Drinking Norms as Assessed by an Adaptation of the Drinking Norms Rating Form | perceived injunctive norms are assessed using the Krieger et al. (2016) adaptation of the Drinking Norms Rating Form, which asks respondents to estimate the how many standard drinks is deemed acceptable by other students on campus to drink on each day in a typical week in the past 30 days; estimates are summed to yield number of drinks per week approved of by student peers; the scores can range from zero to no upper limit | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | drinks per week | Assessed over prior 30 days at 3 month follow-up |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Protective Behavioral Strategies as Assessed by the Strategies Questionnaire - Selective Avoidance Sub Scale | self-reported frequency of using strategies to moderate drinking as reported on the Strategy Questionnaire; the Strategy Questionnaire has 3 sub scales including Selective Avoidance (0-70), Strategies While Drinking (0-100), and Alternatives to Drinking (0-40) and higher sub scale scores indicate more frequent use of those strategies | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Assessed over prior 30 days at 3 month follow-up |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Protective Behavioral Strategies as Assessed by the Strategies Questionnaire - Strategies Sub Scale | self-reported frequency of using strategies to moderate drinking as reported on the Strategy Questionnaire; the Strategy Questionnaire has 3 sub scales including Selective Avoidance (0-70), Strategies While Drinking (0-100), and Alternatives to Drinking (0-40) and higher sub scale scores indicate more frequent use of those strategies | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Assessed over prior 30 days at 3 month follow-up |
|
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 61 |
| 0 |
| 61 |
| 0 |
| 61 |
| EG001 | Attention Control | Participants assigned to this arm will receive a text message each day for 10 weeks, containing "this day in history" facts. Attention control: A text message each day for 10 weeks, containing "this day in history" facts. | 0 | 60 | 0 | 60 | 0 | 60 |
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| D019966 |
| Substance-Related Disorders |
| D064419 | Chemically-Induced Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |