Multi-domain Versus Uni-Domain Training on Executive Control and Memory Functions of Older Adults

Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial With Active Control on the Effects of Combined Physical and Cognitive Training Versus Cognitive and Physical Training Separately on Executive Control and Memory Functions of Older Adults

Age-related cognitive decline affects negatively daily living and quality of life of older adults. Previous research has shown a moderate impact of cognitive and physical training on the cognitive functioning of elders. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) examines the differential impact of multi-domain cognitive (video game training) and physical training (the physical exercise was Body-attack, a mixed of dance, aerobic, strength, and muscular resistance versus cognitive training and physical training separately, on executive control and memory functions of healthy older adults (N=120), in comparison with an active control group. Participants (between 60 and 80 years old) will be allocated randomly to one of the four experimental groups: 1) physical training-single domain: physical training and cognitive control activity; 2) cognitive training-single domain: cognitive training and physical control activity; 3) cognitive-physical multi-domain: physical training and cognitive training; 4) active control: physical control activity and cognitive control activity. Physical training will be group-based and include coordination, aerobic exercise and strength exercise. The physical control activity will include stretching and relaxation exercises. The cognitive training will consist of commercial brain training video games. Difficulty will be automatically adjusted to the performance level of the participant. The cognitive control activity will be cognitively non-demanding video games. Physical activities (experimental and control) will be trained for 40 min and cognitive activities (experimental and control) for 40 min consecutively during the same session. There will be 2 session/wk over 3 months. Executive functioning, memory functions and psychological wellbeing will be assessed using behavioral and electrophysiological measures at baseline, after study completion and at 3-month follow-up. The main goal was to investigate possible intervention-related transfer effects to untrained executive and memory functions. The goal is to find out whether multi-domain training improves more executive and memory functions that are often compromised in later years, but essential for everyday activities. We expect to find larger transfer effects in the multi-domain condition than in the uni-domain conditions, shorter ERP latencies of the P2 component, and enhanced N2 and P3b components after training.

All participants complete one of the four combinations of cognitive training with video games and physical exercise. The cognitive component will be either a brain training video game program selected from Lumosity (cognitive intervention, CI) or video games not specifically designed to train attention and executive control (cognitive control, CC). The physical exercise component will be either Body-attack, a combination of dance, aerobic, strength, and muscular resistance (exercise intervention, EI) or its control condition composed of stretching, toning and relaxation (exercise control, EC).

Inclusion Criteria:

No current intensive sports or physical activity practice. No current use of brain-training video games

Exclusion Criteria:

Dementia. Mild Cognitive Impairment. A neurological or major psychiatric disorder. Significant heart illness. Lung disease.