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To highlight the importance of protein quality rather than the total protein content of a meal, the investigators will demonstrate that unlike high quality proteins, a single meal containing 30 g of an incomplete protein source does not stimulate skeletal muscle protein synthesis. Secondly, the investigators will directly challenge a prevalent, but untested, assertion that has the potential to negatively impact health. The goal is to demonstrate that complementary plant-proteins (i.e., two or more incomplete protein sources) must be consumed at the same meal to stimulate protein synthesis.
The investigators will test the following hypotheses in middle-aged men and women (45-60) years old using a randomized, cross over design. All study objectives will be met concurrently:
If these hypotheses are correct, the investigators will demonstrate that meals containing a moderate amount of high quality protein, such as beef, are an efficient and effective way to augment a largely plant based diet and stimulate skeletal muscle protein synthesis - a prerequisite for outcomes related to physical function, performance, successful aging and metabolic health.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| PRO-A | Experimental | Beef protein |
|
| PRO-B | Experimental | Complementary proteins at each meal |
|
| PRO-C | Experimental | Complementary proteins over 24 hours |
|
| CON | No Intervention | Low protein (<5 g) meal |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRO-A | Other | 30 g of beef protein will be consumed at each meal |
| |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Acute muscle protein synthesis: PRO-A | Muscle protein synthesis response to PRO-A breakfast meal (%/h) | 3 hours after consuming meal |
| Acute muscle protein synthesis: PRO-B | Muscle protein synthesis response to PRO-B breakfast meal (%/h) | 3 hours after consuming meal |
| Acute muscle protein synthesis: PRO-C | Muscle protein synthesis response to PRO-C breakfast meal (%/h) | 3 hours after consuming meal |
| Acute muscle protein synthesis: CON | Muscle protein synthesis response to CON breakfast meal (%/hour) | 3 hours after consuming meal |
| 24-hour muscle protein synthesis: PRO-A | Muscle protein synthesis response to PRO-A diet over 24 hours (%/hour) | Approximately 24 hours |
| 24-hour muscle protein synthesis: PRO-B | Muscle protein synthesis response to PRO-B diet over 24 hours (%/hour) | Approximately 24 hours |
| 24-hour muscle protein synthesis: PRO-C | Muscle protein synthesis response to PRO-C diet over 24 hours (%/hour) | Approximately 24 hours |
| Blood amino acid response to diet: PRO-A |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose response to diet: PRO-A | Blood samples will be drawn to measure blood glucose response to PRO-A diet (mg/dl) | Approximately 24 hours |
| Blood glucose response to diet: PRO-B | Blood samples will be drawn to measure blood glucose response to PRO-B diet (mg/dl) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Doug Paddon-Jones, PhD | University of Texas | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unversity of Texas Medical Branch | Galveston | Texas | 77555 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 39396760 | Derived | Arentson-Lantz EJ, Von Ruff Z, Connolly G, Albano F, Kilroe SP, Wacher A, Campbell WW, Paddon-Jones D. Meals Containing Equivalent Total Protein from Foods Providing Complete, Complementary, or Incomplete Essential Amino Acid Profiles do not Differentially Affect 24-h Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis in Healthy, Middle-Aged Women. J Nutr. 2024 Dec;154(12):3626-3638. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.10.010. Epub 2024 Oct 11. |
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| PRO-B |
| Other |
30 g of complementary proteins will be consumed at each meal |
|
| PRO-C | Other | 30 g of complementary proteins will be consumed over 24 hours |
|
Blood samples will be drawn to measure amino acid concentrations response to PRO-A breakfast (µmol/L)
| Approximately 5 hours |
| Blood amino acid response to diet: PRO-B | Blood samples will be drawn to measure amino acid concentrations response to PRO-B breakfast (µmol/L) | Approximately 5 hours |
| Blood amino acid response to diet: PRO-C | Blood samples will be drawn to measure amino acid concentrations response to PRO-B C breakfast (µmol/L) | Approximately 5 hours |
| Blood amino acid response to diet: CON | Blood samples will be drawn to measure amino acid concentrations response to CON breakfast (µmol/L) | Approximately 5 hours |
| Approximately 24 hours |
| Blood glucose response to diet: PRO-C | Blood samples will be drawn to measure blood glucose response to PRO-C diet (mg/dl) | Approximately 24 hours |
| Blood glucose response to diet: CON | Blood samples will be drawn to measure blood glucose response to CON breakfast meal (mg/dl) | Approximately 5 hours |
| Appetite and Hedonic Questionnaire: PRO-A | Questionnaires will be given to assess hunger, fullness, desire to eat, thirst, desire to eat something sweet, desire to eat something salty, desire to eat something savory, sleepiness, physical energy, mental energy, and nausea in response to PRO-A diet. All outcomes are scored individually on a 10 pt visual analog scale using "not at all" being 0 and "extremely" being a 10. | Approximately 8 hours |
| Appetite and Hedonic Questionnaire: PRO-B | Questionnaires will be given to assess hunger, fullness, desire to eat, thirst, desire to eat something sweet, desire to eat something salty, desire to eat something savory, sleepiness, physical energy, mental energy, and nausea in response to PRO-B diet. All outcomes are scored individually on a 10 pt visual analog scale using "not at all" being 0 and "extremely" being a 10. | Approximately 8 hours |
| Appetite and Hedonic Questionnaire: PRO-C | Questionnaires will be given to assess hunger, fullness, desire to eat, thirst, desire to eat something sweet, desire to eat something salty, desire to eat something savory, sleepiness, physical energy, mental energy, and nausea in response to PRO-C diet. All outcomes are scored individually on a 10 pt visual analog scale using "not at all" being 0 and "extremely" being a 10. | Approximately 8 hours |
| Appetite and Hedonic Questionnaire: CON | Questionnaires will be given to assess hunger, fullness, desire to eat, thirst, desire to eat something sweet, desire to eat something salty, desire to eat something savory, sleepiness, physical energy, mental energy, and nausea in response to CON diet. All outcomes are scored individually on a 10 pt visual analog scale using "not at all" being 0 and "extremely" being a 10. | Approximately 5 hours |
| 3 day dietary record: PRO-A | Diet records will be collected and analyzed with ASA24 to assess habitual energy intake the week prior to PRO-A study visit | Approximately 36 hours |
| 3 day dietary record: PRO-B | Diet records will be collected and analyzed with ASA24 to assess habitual energy intake the week prior to PRO-B study visit | Approximately 36 hours |
| 3 day dietary record: PRO-C | Diet records will be collected and analyzed with ASA24 to assess habitual energy intake the week prior to PRO-C study visit | Approximately 36 hours |
| 3 day dietary record: CON | Diet records will be collected and analyzed with ASA24 to assess habitual energy intake the week prior to CON study visit | Approximately 36 hours |
| Palatability Questionnaire:PRO-A | Questionnaires will be given to assess palatability of the PRO-A diet. Outcomes include the participants ranking of the food appearance, aroma intensity, aroma, flavor intensity, flavor, texture and overall appeal of the food. A 10 pt visual analog scale will be used to assess the subject's response with 0 being "extremely dislike", 5 being "neither like nor dislike" and 10 being "extremely like". | Approximately 8 hours |
| Palatability Questionnaire:PRO-B | Questionnaires will be given to assess palatability of the PRO-B diet. Outcomes include the participants ranking of the food appearance, aroma intensity, aroma, flavor intensity, flavor, texture and overall appeal of the food. A 10 pt visual analog scale will be used to assess the subject's response with 0 being "extremely dislike", 5 being "neither like nor dislike" and 10 being "extremely like". | Approximately 8 hours |
| Palatability Questionnaire:PRO-C | Questionnaires will be given to assess palatability of the PRO-C diet. Outcomes include the participants ranking of the food appearance, aroma intensity, aroma, flavor intensity, flavor, texture and overall appeal of the food. A 10 pt visual analog scale will be used to assess the subject's response with 0 being "extremely dislike", 5 being "neither like nor dislike" and 10 being "extremely like". | Approximately 8 hours |
| Palatability Questionnaire:CON | Questionnaires will be given to assess palatability of the CON diet. Outcomes include the participants ranking of the food appearance, aroma intensity, aroma, flavor intensity, flavor, texture and overall appeal of the food. A 10 pt visual analog scale will be used to assess the subject's response with 0 being "extremely dislike", 5 being "neither like nor dislike" and 10 being "extremely like". | Approximately 5 hours |