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This study aims to examine whether greater length of mindfulness practice results in more beneficial outcomes.
This study will randomise participants to one of three groups: (1) four sessions of medium length mindfulness practice (lasting 20 mins) and 5 mins of an audio book; (2) four sessions of brief mindfulness practice (lasting 5 mins) and 20 mins of an audio book; and (3) a control group who just receive 4 sessions of audio book (lasting 25 mins). In the mindfulness arms, in each session, the participants will receive the audio book prior to the mindfulness practice. Mindfulness levels, and depression, anxiety and stress will be measured by self-report at baseline, session by session, and at post-intervention.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20 minutes of mindfulness practice | Experimental | Two sessions a week for two weeks of: 5 minutes listening to audio book excerpts followed by 20 minutes of audio guided mindfulness practice. Participants will be asked not to engage in formal mindfulness practice outside of these sessions during the study. |
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| 5 minutes of mindfulness practice | Active Comparator | Two sessions a week for two weeks of: 20 minutes listening to audio book excerpts followed by 5 minutes of audio guided mindfulness practice. Participants will be asked not to engage in formal mindfulness practice outside of these sessions during the study. |
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| Audio book control | Placebo Comparator | Two sessions a week for two weeks of: 25 minutes listening to audio book excerpts (with non mindfulness practice). Participants will be asked not to engage in formal mindfulness practice during the study. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 minutes of mindfulness practice | Behavioral | A 20 minute audio guided mindfulness of breathing practice per session, for four sessions. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline at post-intervention (week 3) on the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire -15 item version (FFMQ-15) | The Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire -15 item version is a self-report measure of mindfulness, producing a total score between 15 and 75, with higher scores indicating greater levels of mindfulness. (Note that the observe subscale will be excluded from the calculation of the total score, as recommended in https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21865 and http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000263 producing a total score between 12 and 60). | Post-intervention (3 weeks after baseline). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline at post-intervention (week 3) on the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21 item version (DASS-21). | The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21 is a self-report measure of depression, anxiety and stress, producing a total score between 0 and 63, with higher scores indicating greater symptomatology. | Post-intervention (3 weeks after baseline). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Sessional Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire -15 item version (FFMQ-15) scores. | The FFMQ-15 (described above) will be administered at the start of the first session (baseline), immediately after sessions 2 (week 1), 3 (week 2) and 4 (week 2), and at post-intervention (week 3), to examine patterns in changes in mindfulness over the course of the study. | Baseline, session 2 (week 1), session 3 and 4 (week 2), and post-intervention (week 3). |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Fergal Jones, PhD, PsychD | Canterbury Christ Church University | Study Director |
| James Cane, PhD | Canterbury Christ Church University | Study Director |
| Sarah Strohmaier, MSc | Canterbury Christ Church University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canterbury Christ Church University | Royal Tunbridge Wells | Kent | TN1 2YG | United Kingdom |
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Participants will be masked to the extent that they will not be told which group they have been allocated to nor the exact nature of the the three groups. However, they will be aware of the exercises they are asked to undertake.
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| 5 minutes of mindfulness practice | Behavioral | A 5 minute audio guided mindfulness of breathing practice per session, for four sessions. |
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| 5 minute audio book | Other | 5 minutes from an audio book by Bill Bryson ('A Short History of Nearly Everything') per session, for four sessions. |
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| 20 minute audio book | Other | 20 minutes from an audio book by Bill Bryson ('A Short History of Nearly Everything'), per session, for four sessions. |
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| 25 minute audio book | Other | 25 minutes from an audio book by Bill Bryson ('A Short History of Nearly Everything'), per session, for four sessions. |
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| Sessional Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21 item version (DASS-21) scores | The DASS-21 (described above) will be administered at the start of the first session (baseline), immediately after sessions 2 (week 1), 3 (week 2) and 4 (week 2), and at post-intervention (week 3), to to examine patterns in changes over the course of the study. | Baseline, session 2 (week 1), session 3 and 4 (week 2), and post-intervention (week 3). |
| Session 1 Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS). | The TMS is a 13-item self-report measure of state mindfulness that produces scores for curiosity and decentering. The curiosity score ranges from 0 to 24, the decentering score from 0 to 28, and the total score from 0 to 52, with higher scores indicating greater curiosity, decentering and overall state mindfulness respectively. | Session 1 (week 1). |
| Session 2 Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS). | As described above. | Session 2 (week 1). |
| Session 3 Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS). | As described above. | Session 3 (week 2). |
| Session 4 Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS). | As described above. | Session 4 (week 2). |