Participants meeting medical requirements to undergo ureteroscopy will undergo a routine cystoscopy and ureteroscopy following standard techniques. Water will be used as the irrigation fluid during the ureteroscopy.

Participants meeting medical requirements to undergo ureteroscopy will undergo a routine cystoscopy and ureteroscopy following standard techniques. Saline will be used as the irrigation fluid during the ureteroscopy.

Sterile water irrigation from standard sterile water bags will be used during ureteroscopy. Pulsed irrigation of the irrigant fluid with hand-held syringes will be used in all cases according to standard practice in order to visualize the upper urinary tract during the ureteroscopy procedure.

At conclusion of the ureteroscopy, the bag with the remaining fluid will be weighed to determine amount of fluid used. The study will last from the start to the completion of the ureteroscopy, i.e. the duration of the ureteroscopic evaluation.

Blood samples will be drawn preoperatively and at conclusion of case (prior to awakening the participant) to assess the serum sodium levels (mEq/L). The study will last from the start to the completion of the ureteroscopy, i.e. the duration of the ureteroscopic evaluation.

The surgeon will be asked to rate the degree of ureteroscopic visualization on a scale of 1-5, where 1=Poor visualization and 5= Excellent visualization. The study will last from the start to the completion of the ureteroscopy, i.e. the duration of the ureteroscopic evaluation.

Fluid clarity was assessed by taking turbidity (cloudiness) measurements of renal fluid (in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)) with a turbidimeter. The average of three measurements of turbidity was used at the fluid clarity measurement of each case, to supplement the ureteroscopic visualization measurement by surgeon rating. The study will last from the start to the completion of the ureteroscopy, i.e. the duration of the ureteroscopic evaluation.