"Periodontal Disease as a Possible Risk Factor for Complications During Pregnancy and Childbirth
"Periodontal Disease as a Possible Risk Factor for Complications During Pregnancy and Childbirth
Pregnancy is a physiological state that is part of the reproductive life of women, establishing their fertile age between 15 and 45 years mainly. This stage will not only mark the birth of the baby but also cause various changes both immunological and physiological, to accommodate the growing fetus.
Maternal periodontitis has direct and indirect potential to influence the health of the fetus-maternal unit. According to the literature reviewed, the first evidence that oral bacteria influenced pregnancy outcomes was reported by Collins et al. The injection of P. gingivalis into pregnant hamsters caused intrauterine growth retardation and smaller fetuses, together with an increase in the levels of proinflammatory mediators (IL-1b and PGE2) in the amniotic fluid.
Two hypotheses have been pointed out regarding the link between oral health and the adverse outcome of pregnancy. The first states that periodontal disease causes abnormal systemic immune changes, leading to complications in pregnancy. While the second hypothesis suggests that oral bacteria directly colonize the placenta, causing localized inflammatory responses, resulting in prematurity and other adverse outcomes.
Pregnancy is a physiological state that is part of the reproductive life of women, establishing their fertile age between 15 and 45 years mainly. This stage will not only mark the birth of the baby but also cause various changes both immunological and physiological, to accommodate the growing fetus. In Spain, according to the Spanish National Institute of Statistics (INE), a total of 195,555 births were registered in 2017.
However the arrival of the birth sometimes has adverse results for the mother and baby, such as low birth weight (<2500 g), premature birth (<37 weeks), growth restriction (weight for gestational age), preeclampsia, spontaneous abortion and / or inanimate birth. Some of these results occur together, and it is not clear if they share common mechanisms.
According to the WHO, every year around 15 million babies are born in the world before they reach term, that is, more than 1 in 10 births. Of them approximately, one million premature children die every year due to complications in childbirth. As well as every day about 830 women die from complications related to pregnancy or childbirth. While 75% of maternal deaths are due, among other causes, to gestational hypertension (preeclampsia and eclampsia).
The most common risk factor associated with premature birth is the previous history of premature birth. Other less prevalent factors are the short interval between pregnancies, assisted reproduction procedures, multiple gestation and infectious diseases such as periodontitis.
Maternal periodontitis has direct and indirect potential to influence the health of the fetus-maternal unit. According to the literature reviewed, the first evidence that oral bacteria influenced pregnancy outcomes was reported by Collins et al. The injection of P. gingivalis into pregnant hamsters caused intrauterine growth retardation and smaller fetuses, together with an increase in the levels of proinflammatory mediators (IL-1b and PGE2) in the amniotic fluid.
In humans, the first clinical study of the association between adverse pregnancy outcomes and periodontal status was a case-control study by Offenbacher et al. These authors concluded that the woman with periodontitis presented an almost 8 times greater risk of presenting a preterm delivery / low birth weight of the newborn than the periodontally healthy woman.
Two hypotheses have been pointed out regarding the link between oral health and the adverse outcome of pregnancy. The first states that periodontal disease causes abnormal systemic immune changes, leading to complications in pregnancy. While the second hypothesis suggests that oral bacteria directly colonize the placenta, causing localized inflammatory responses, resulting in prematurity and other adverse outcomes.
In 2013 it was reported that low birth weight, premature birth and preeclampsia were associated with maternal periodontitis. However, this association was moderate in relation to other studies, probably due to differences in the study population, the different means of periodontal evaluation used and the classification of periodontal disease that was used. The authors of this study, argued that the association of periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes are explained by two main routes, a direct one, in which the oral microorganisms and / or their components reach the fetoplacental unit and another indirect, in the that inflammatory mediators circulate and impact the fetal-placental unit.
Therefore, according to the direct route, oral microbiota during pregnancy plays an important role in adverse obstetric outcomes. A recent meta-analysis of 22 studies that included 12047 pregnant women showed, by partially analyzing the oral microbiota, that women with periodontitis had an increased risk of preterm birth and of giving birth to a low birth weight baby.
The indirect route has also been studied by other authors, who reported that there was a positive association between inflammatory mediator levels of gingival crevicular fluid and adverse outcomes of pregnancy / preterm birth, but the results should be interpreted with caution due to heterogeneity and variability between studies However, some authors have not shown differences in the anaerobic bacterial profile or commensals among mothers with periodontitis, despite the fact that they observe local placental factors, such as the nature of the inflammatory infiltrate and the slightly higher expression of COX2 in women with these results. Adverse effects of pregnancy are related to a subclinical proinflammatory state that could contribute to triggering premature birth. In this regard Penova et al. they did not observe changes in the results related to pregnancy, although the severity of the periodontal disease was significantly associated with an increased risk of babies born small for gestational age. They highlighted that the treatment of PE in pregnancy reduces the levels of some inflammatory mediators in the gingival crevicular fluid, improving dental parameters but without obvious effects on the outcome of pregnancy.
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